Table 3.

Adjusted average marginal effects with 95% confidence intervals of material hardship on short sleep (n = 730)

	Short Sleep
	Models A	Models B	Models C	Models D
Employment instability (ref: no instability)
Experienced hardship	−0.035	−0.046*	−0.069**	−0.071**
	[−0.083, 0.013]	[−0.084, −0.008]	[−0.117, −0.020]	[−0.119, −0.022]
Not in labor force	0.082†	0.064	−0.006	−0.007
	[−0.012, 0.176]	[−0.027, 0.156]	[−0.059, 0.046]	[−0.061, 0.047]
Financial problems	0.109*	0.098*	0.046	0.045
	[0.024, 0.194]	[0.022, 0.175]	[−0.031, 0.124]	[−0.029, 0.119]
Housing instability	0.135†	0.123*	0.051	0.050
	[−0.016, 0.286]	[0.008, 0.238]	[−0.031, 0.132]	[−0.030, 0.130]
Food insecurity	0.148*	0.127**	0.062	0.063
	[0.029, 0.267]	[0.037, 0.217]	[−0.020, 0.144]	[−0.022, 0.147]
Forgone medical care	0.144*	0.130*	0.059	0.058
	[0.036, 0.252]	[0.023, 0.237]	[−0.022, 0.139]	[−0.023, 0.139]
Number of hardships	0.040**	0.043**	0.019	0.018
	[0.011, 0.069]	[0.018, 0.068]	[−0.008, 0.046]	[−0.008, 0.045]

^***p < 0.001,

^**p < 0.01,

^*p < 0.05,

^†p < 0.10

Four models were estimated for each material hardship measure, with control variables added in stages. The A models included controls for sociodemographic factors: age, gender, race, marital status, and children under five years old. The B models included further controls for socioeconomic status: education, household income, and employment status; except for models of employment instability where employment status was not included. The C models included further controls for health: poor or fair health, obesity, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, depression, and anxiety. The D models are fully adjusted models, which included a final control for light pollution. For all hardship measures, the difference between the average marginal effects in the C and D models is not statistically significant.