Table 5.

Adjusted average marginal effects with 95% confidence intervals of material hardship on nonrestorative sleep (n = 730)

	Nonrestorative Sleep
	Models A	Models B	Models C	Models D
Employment instability (ref: no instability)
Experienced hardship	0.164**	0.146*	0.126*	0.120*
	[0.052, 0.275]	[0.026, 0.265]	[0.013, 0.239]	[0.003, 0.237]
Not in labor force	0.053	0.042	−0.001	−0.005
	[−0.038, 0.144]	[−0.047, 0.131]	[−0.072, 0.070]	[−0.075, 0.065]
Financial problems	0.129*	0.097	0.016	0.009
	[0.027, 0.232]	[−0.025, 0.218]	[−0.105, 0.137]	[−0.106, 0.124]
Housing instability	0.036	0.027	−0.079	−0.076
	[−0.113, 0.185]	[−0.123, 0.176]	[−0.175, 0.017]	[−0.175, 0.023]
Food insecurity	0.253**	0.245**	0.147	0.151†
	[0.109, 0.396]	[0.099, 0.390]	[−0.033, 0.328]	[−0.029, 0.331]
Forgone medical care	0.230***	0.243***	0.159**	0.160**
	[0.130, 0.330]	[0.137, 0.348]	[0.057, 0.261]	[0.058, 0.263]
Number of hardships	0.083***	0.084**	0.049†	0.048*
	[0.048, 0.119]	[0.037, 0.131]	[−0.000, 0.098]	[0.000, 0.096]

^***p < 0.001

^**p < 0.01,

^*p < 0.05,

^†p < 0.10

Four models were estimated for each material hardship measure, with control variables added in stages. The A models included controls for sociodemographic factors: age, gender, race, marital status, and children under five years old. The B models included further controls for socioeconomic status: education, household income, and employment status; except for models of employment instability where employment status was not included. The C models included further controls for health: poor or fair health, obesity, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, depression, and anxiety. The D models are fully adjusted models, which included a final control for light pollution. For all hardship measures, the difference between the average marginal effects in the C and D models is not statistically significant.