Table 3.
Reporteda macronutrient and micronutrient (per 1000 kcal) intakes by smoking status in 574 men and 571 women from Japan
| Variable | Never smoker | Ex-smoker | Current smoker | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | ||||
| Macronutrients | ||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2237.08 | 2303.23 | 2290.18 | 0.385 |
| Total protein (% kcal) | 16.02 | 15.86 | 15.63 | 0.234 |
| Animal (% kcal) | 8.82 | 8.91 | 8.93 | 0.909 |
| Vegetable (% kcal) | 7.20 | 6.95 | 6.70 | <0.001*,** |
| Total fat (% kcal) | 23.99 | 24.05 | 23.21 | 0.111 |
| SFA (% kcal) | 6.18 | 6.20 | 5.95 | 0.188 |
| MUFA (% kcal) | 8.63 | 8.76 | 8.40 | 0.174 |
| PFA (% kcal) | 6.34 | 6.27 | 6.07 | 0.164 |
| Omega 3 PFA (% kcal) | 1.33 | 1.37 | 1.32 | 0.395 |
| Omega 6 PFA (% kcal) | 4.98 | 4.87 | 4.72 | 0.153 |
| PFA/SFA | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 0.965 |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 438.99 | 451.91 | 445.98 | 0.832 |
| Cholesterol (mg/1000kcal) | 195.90 | 196.16 | 194.39 | 0.959 |
| Keys dietary lipid score | 28.80 | 29.00 | 28.47 | 0.643 |
| Total available carb. (% kcal) | 54.01 | 51.69 | 52.03 | 0.016*,*** |
| Alcohol (% kcal) | 5.90 | 8.30 | 9.05 | <0.001*,*** |
| Micronutrients/1000 kcal | ||||
| Total dietary fibre (g) | 7.62 | 7.07 | 6.51 | <0.001*,**,*** |
| Total vitamin A (RE) | 166.35 | 153.73 | 157.14 | 0.779 |
| Beta carotene (μg) | 1485.18 | 1345.98 | 1177.19 | 0.003* |
| Retinol (μg) | 168.10 | 159.76 | 196.44 | 0.559 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 4.68 | 4.66 | 4.48 | 0.092 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 61.16 | 58.43 | 52.96 | 0.070* |
| Calcium (mg) | 298.51 | 279.43 | 252.46 | <0.001*,** |
| Iron (mg) | 5.40 | 5.06 | 4.91 | <0.001*,*** |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 561.74 | 551.58 | 533.31 | 0.004*,** |
| Magnesium (mg) | 132.74 | 130.51 | 124.13 | <0.001*,** |
| Potassium (mmol) | 34.77 | 33.45 | 32.07 | <0.001*,** |
| Sodium (mmol) | 97.46 | 100.75 | 98.09 | 0.318 |
| Dietary Na/K | 2.93 | 3.18 | 3.20 | <0.001*,** |
| Urinary measures | ||||
| Urea nitrogen (g/24 h) | 10.29 | 10.10 | 9.63 | 0.009*,** |
| Potassium (mmol/24 h) | 52.18 | 49.42 | 47.79 | 0.006* |
| Sodium (mmol/24 h) | 212.14 | 210.64 | 209.85 | 0.928 |
| Urinary Na/K | 4.30 | 4.48 | 4.56 | 0.142 |
| Women | ||||
| Macronutrients | ||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1799.58 | — | 1815.16 | 0.753 |
| Total protein (% kcal) | 16.21 | — | 15.22 | 0.005* |
| Animal (% kcal) | 8.85 | — | 8.24 | 0.090 |
| Vegetable (% kcal) | 7.36 | — | 6.99 | 0.019* |
| Total fat (% kcal) | 26.22 | — | 25.03 | 0.092 |
| SFA (% kcal) | 7.12 | — | 6.57 | 0.037* |
| MUFA (% kcal) | 9.43 | — | 9.17 | 0.409 |
| PFA (% kcal) | 6.63 | — | 6.37 | 0.242 |
| Omega 3 PFA (% kcal) | 1.35 | — | 1.31 | 0.454 |
| Omega 6 PFA (% kcal) | 5.25 | — | 5.04 | 0.278 |
| PFA/SFA | 0.98 | — | 1.02 | 0.334 |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 357.54 | — | 381.79 | 0.253 |
| Cholesterol (mg/1000kcal) | 198.20 | — | 208.07 | 0.330 |
| Keys dietary lipid score | 31.10 | — | 30.51 | 0.533 |
| Total available carb. (% kcal) | 56.25 | — | 55.83 | 0.650 |
| Alcohol (% kcal) | 1.27 | — | 3.91 | <0.001* |
| Micronutrients/1000 kcal | ||||
| Total dietary fibre (g) | 9.04 | — | 7.88 | <0.001* |
| Total vitamin A (RE) | 191.20 | — | 162.39 | 0.113 |
| Beta carotene (μg) | 1807.55 | 1306.13 | 0.004* | |
| Retinol (μg) | 176.45 | — | 188.06 | 0.748 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 5.36 | — | 4.91 | 0.076 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 75.57 | — | 74.66 | 0.884 |
| Calcium (mg) | 348.53 | — | 276.18 | <0.001* |
| Iron (mg) | 5.64 | — | 5.08 | <0.001* |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 585.58 | — | 526.46 | <0.001* |
| Magnesium (mg) | 141.47 | — | 133.53 | 0.038* |
| Potassium (mmol) | 39.15 | — | 34.65 | <0.001* |
| Sodium (mmol) | 102.55 | — | 103.53 | 0.758 |
| Dietary Na/K | 2.75 | — | 3.14 | <0.001* |
| Urinary measures | ||||
| Urea nitrogen (g/24 h) | 8.40 | — | 8.26 | 0.614 |
| Potassium (mmol/24 h) | 48.77 | — | 46.67 | 0.322 |
| Sodium (mmol/24 h) | 184.57 | — | 205.20 | 0.009* |
| Urinary Na/K | 4.01 | — | 4.66 | <0.001* |
a
Adjusted for age, years of education, and centre.
b
Includes 13 ex-smokers
*
P⩽0.05, smokers vs never smokers.
**
P⩽0.05, smokers vs ex-smokers.
***
P⩽0.05, ex-smokers vs never smokers.