Distribution of population for south-Asian countries with respect to year-2016 ambient PM2.5 concentrations (4). Equal-sized plotted areas reflect equal populations. The 860 million people in the northern portion of India, defined here as the region north of 21.5°N, live predominantly in the heavily polluted Indo-Gangetic Plain. This region extends into Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, countries which experience PM2.5 similar to northern India.