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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018 May 29;3(8):713–725. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.05.004

Table 4.

Standardized (β) Brain-Behavior and Covariate Relationships With BOLD Activation From Clusters With Cannabis Group Differences

Cannabis
(Nonuser vs. User), d 		WM
Accuracy, β		 SES, β EXT, β Cannabis
Dose, β		 Alcohol
(Nonuser vs. User), d
Baseline
 R lingual gyrus (A) 0.871 .258a .164 .184 .004 −0.407
 L lingual gyrus 0.778 .215a .044 .062 .141 −0.322
 L precuneus −0.723 .129 .108 .076 .165 −0.046
 L MFG −0.905 −.056 −.092 .005 .160 0.035
 L IPL −0.598 .011 −.045 .131 −.005 0.004
 R MFG −1.168 −.092 −.076 .016 .065 0.435
 Cingulate 0.016 −.229a −.098 .188 −.213 0.149
 Pre-SMA −0.899 −.097 −.172 −.252 .175 0.479
 R lingual gyrus (B) 0.883 .246a .120 −.027 −.351 0.130
 L lateral occipital gyrus/BA 19 (A) 0.847 .340b .093 .079 −.360 −0.162
 L lateral occipital gyrus/BA 18 (B) 0.841 .289a .150 .146 −.355 −0.089
Follow-up
 R cuneus (A) −1.358 −.131 .019 .031 .419 −0.427
 R cuneus (B) −0.938 −.077 .197 .062 .647b −0.360
 R cuneus (C) −0.961 .007 .007 .131 .424 −0.027
 R cuneus aggregate (A, B, and C)c −1.656 −.024 .091 .124 .673b −0.330
Visit by Group
 Posterior cingulatec
 Baseline −0.514 −.040 −.189 −.002 .274 0.437
 Follow-up −0.034 −.058 .013 .095 −.317 0.083

Cannabis nonuser vs. user Cohen’s d values from BOLD dot product; no significance is displayed because group differences were used to define clusters at the voxelwise level. β values used a standardized regression coefficient (m-estimation). WM accuracy, SES, and EXT models used the full neuroimaging sample (baseline n = 84; follow-up n = 66) and included usage group (baseline nonusers = 63, users = 21; follow-up nonusers = 51, users = 15) as a covariate. Cannabis dose β (total joints per day between baseline and follow-up) effects were examined in users with reported cannabis use and frequency (baseline n = 20; follow-up n = 14). Alcohol nonuser (n = 65) vs. user (n = 20) Cohen’s d values adjusted for cannabis usage group.

BA, Brodmann area; BOLD, blood oxygen level–dependent; EXT, corrected externalizing scale t scores; IPL, inferior parietal lobule; L, left; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; R, right; SES, socioeconomic status; SMA, supplementary motor area; WM, working memory.

a

p <.10 (corrected).

b

p <.05 (corrected).

c

Estimates based on the longitudinal neuroimaging sample only (n = 65; nonusers = 52, users = 13).