Table 4.
Multivariable analysis of baseline covariables and 6-year mortality risk in the Nakuru Eye Disease Cohort Study
| No at risk | Deaths | Risk per 1000/6 years (95% CI) | Age/sex- adjusted risk ratio | Age/sex/socioeconomic status (SES) adjusted risk ratio | Age/sex/SES- non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factor adjusted risk ratio | |
| Any visual impairment (<6/18) | ||||||
| No | 3071 | 307 | 100 (87 to 115) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 341 | 100 | 297 (248 to 351) | 1.54 (1.22 to 1.93) | 1.55 (1.24 to 1.94) | 1.37 (1.10 to 1.71) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1656 | 236 | 143 (123 to 165) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 1785 | 173 | 98 (84 to 113) | 0.74 (0.63 to 0.87) | 0.68 (0.56 to 0.83) | 0.82 (0.63 to 1.06) |
| Age | ||||||
| 50–59 | 1503 | 86 | 56 (45 to 70) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 60–69 | 1036 | 96 | 94 (77 to 115) | 1.64 (1.24 to 2.17) | 1.58 (1.19 to 2.09) | 1.40 (1.07 to 1.83) |
| 70–79 | 571 | 107 | 191 (161 to 224) | 3.27 (2.55 to 4.20) | 3.15 (2.39 to 4.15) | 2.74 (2.09 to 3.60) |
| 80+ | 331 | 120 | 363 (311 to 419) | 6.36 (4.85 to 8.33) | 5.76 (4.39 to 7.57) | 4.68 (3.55 to 6.18) |
| SES risk factors | ||||||
| Location | ||||||
| Rural | 2470 | 303 | 123 (108 to 140) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Urban | 971 | 106 | 110 (83 to 145) | 1.14 (0.90 to 1.45) | 1.15 (0.90 to1.48) | 1.18 (0.91 to 1.53) |
| SES quartile | ||||||
| Lower | 845 | 136 | 164 (137 to 197) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Lower middle | 872 | 96 | 110 (91 to 134) | 0.75 (0.60 to 0.93) | 0.72 (0.58to 0.91) | 0.75 (0.59 to 0.95) |
| Upper middle | 874 | 97 | 110 (89 to 134) | 0.86 (0.66 to 1.11) | 0.82 (0.63 to 1.06) | 0.84 (0.65 to 1.09) |
| Upper | 810 | 79 | 99 (78 to 126) | 0.89 (0.69 to 1.14) | 0.78 (0.58 to 1.05) | 0.76 (0.56 to 1.03) |
| Ethnic group | ||||||
| Kikuyu | 2164 | 283 | 131 (116 to 148) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Kalenjin | 829 | 93 | 113 (91 to 139) | 0.83 (0.66 to 1.03) | 0.78 (0.62 to 0.99) | 0.81 (0.63 to 1.04) |
| Other | 448 | 33 | 76 (48 to 119) | 0.84 (0.56 to 1.26) | 0.82 (0.55 to 1.21) | 0.81 (0.55 to 1.20) |
| Education | ||||||
| No education | 309 | 26 | 86 (58 to 125) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Primary | 1131 | 179 | 161 (138 to 188) | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.41) | 0.96 (0.63 to 1.46) | 0.97 (0.63 to 1.50) |
| Secondary | 1622 | 174 | 107 (91 to 125) | 0.85 (0.59 to 1.22) | 0.84 (0.57,1.24) | 0.87 (0.59 to 1.28) |
| College/Uni | 356 | 29 | 81 (52 to 124) | 0.94 (0.57 to 1.55) | 0.95 (0.57 to 1.55) | 1.01 (0.62 to 1.64) |
| Risk factors for NCD | ||||||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | 2396 | 256 | 107 (92 to 124) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Former | 252 | 33 | 131 (93 to 180) | 1.20 (0.85 to 1.69) | 1.20 (0.85 to 1.71) | 1.15 (0.79 to 1.66) |
| Current | 775 | 120 | 156 (132 to 184) | 1.19 (0.93 to 1.52) | 1.17 (0.91 to 1.50) | 1.19 (0.91 to 1.55) |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 3202 | 354 | 111 (98 to 125) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 216 | 54 | 248 (194 to 313) | 2.16 (1.69 to 2.77) | 2.20 (1.69 to 2.84) | 2.34 (1.81 to 3.03) |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | 1670 | 179 | 108 (92 to 126) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1737 | 229 | 132 (113 to 53) | 1.08 (0.90 to 1.29) | 1.06 (0.88 to 1.28) | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.34) |
| Alcohol | ||||||
| Never | 1335 | 117 | 87 (73 to 104) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Former | 1520 | 221 | 147 (125 to 171) | 1.18 (0.95 to 1.48) | 1.18 (0.94 to 1.49) | 1.15 (0.90 to 1.46) |
| Current | 559 | 70 | 125 (100 to 157) | 1.15 (0.86 to 1.53) | 1.18 (0.87 to 1.60) | 1.08 (0.77 to 1.51) |
| Body mass index | ||||||
| Underweight | 468 | 99 | 216 (169 to 271) | 1.55 (1.20 to 2.00) | 1.57 (1.22 to 2.02) | 1.60 (1.24 to 2.07) |
| Normal | 1697 | 199 | 117 (101 to 136) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Overweight | 779 | 66 | 86 (66 to 111) | 0.90 (0.69 to 1.18) | 0.87 (0.66 to 1.14) | 0.81 (0.62 to 1.05) |
| Obese | 447 | 32 | 73 (52 to 100) | 0.89 (0.63 to1.25) | 0.86 (0.59 to 1.24) | 0.83 (0.57 to1.20) |