Table 1. Types of tele-neurology setups and utilization details.

IV-tPA: intravenous tissue plasminogen activator; ED: emergency department; RAFT: Réseau en Afrique Francophone pour la Télémédecine; EEG: electroencephalogram; AIS: acute ischemic stroke.

Tele-neurology facilities/consultations:
Type of model	Description	Usefulness
"WhatsApp" Mobile application [17]	In the developing and economically limited countries, the WhatsApp has been a solution and is used for organizations in the sharing of clinical data and clinical care guidance.	Allows the multidisciplinary care teams to be immediately notified of the arrival, location, and stage of evaluation for stroke patients. The communication on this application can be secured with end-to-end encryption.
Video Conference [9]	Neurologists providing direct and remote care to veterans with neurological illnesses.	Two-way, interactive, real-time video sessions at a bandwidth sufficient to allow for synchronous patient care.
Pediatric Video-conferencing [10]	There is an on-site coordinator and distant site coordinator to assist the patient and family to ensure that the technology is functioning properly, and to attain vital signs.	Pediatric neurologist can examine and observe nonverbal behavior in real time with patients at a distant clinic.
Audio visual conference (Tele-stroke) [13-14,22,29]	Neurologists and Radiologist are able to consult emergency physicians (ED) and nurses on patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) at the rural hospitals to fasten the delivery of the treatment. After patient evaluation through video conferencing and review of imaging, recommendations regarding IV-tPA were communicated to the ED and followed American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines.	This model enabled the neurologist to have both an interaction with the patient and family, as well as a consultation with other providers. It also allows for rapid evaluation of stroke patients and improved thrombolysis utilization rate and so the outcome of AIS patients.
Email consultations [16]	The neurologist would receive an email referral, and then decide whether advice alone was appropriate, or whether further investigations or a clinic visit was warranted.	This was proven to improve clinical effectiveness, lower direct costs, and increase productivity
International collaboration [19]	The RAFT network is a group of 10 French speaking countries in Africa, along with France and Switzerland, that provides continuing medical education to healthcare professionals and tele-consultations.	This improved the quality and efficiency of the Sub-Saharan African health systems and other middle- and low-income countries.
Smart phone and Smart watches [7]	Measurements such as mapping speed and tremor severity in Parkinson’s disease, sensors to measure EEG in those with epilepsy, and smartwatches that have the potential to detect and quantify seizures.	It provides a real time data tracking and assessments, in which biometric data can be monitored at the patient’s home and electronic health records, can be incorporated into the examination.
Clinical Video Telehealth (CVT) [26]	The tele-neurologists assess mental status, cranial nerves (motor functions), abnormal movements, coordination, and gait. The telehealth clinical technician (TCT) assists with evaluation of sensory function, muscle strength, tone, and tendon reflexes.	This model was successful in the management of diverse neurological disorders in an urban setting, as it showed patients satisfaction, preference over face-to-face encounters, keeping up with follow up appointments and rare technical problems.
Store and forward [28]	A small team of dedicated local staff in Bangladesh rehabilitation hospital was trained in the use of equipment and how to send email referrals to a series of UK specialists. The use of a numbering system ensured patient confidentiality.	With the help of this model, a great power of email as a simple, reliable, cheap and effective method of asynchronous communication was demonstrated. It also proved to be a feasible and practical option for providing neurological advice to clinicians in developing countries.