Table 2. Items 2, 3 and 4 of Ballard and Montgomery’s four-item checklist for risk of bias in overviews of reviewsa [13].
| First author | Health area | AMSTAR 2 rating of confidenceb (Item 2) |
Published in 2016, 2017, or 2018? (Item 3) |
At least 75% of included studies relevantc? (Item 4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arora [18] | Oral health | Moderate | 2017 | 100% |
| Bastounis [19] | Mental health | Low | 2016 | 67% |
| Brendel [29] | Mental health | Critically low | 2014 | 100% |
| Chung [20] | Sleep | Low | 2017 | 57% |
| Cooper [30] | Oral health | High | 2013 | 75% |
| Evans [21] | Vision | Moderate | 2018 | 86% |
| Geryk [31] | Asthma | Critically low | 2017 | 56% |
| Gold [23] | Mental health | Low | 2006 | 67% |
| Hennegan [22] | Menstrual management | Low | 2016 | 50% |
| Higgins [32] | Mental health | Critically low | 2015 | 60% |
| Kavanagh [24,39] | Mental health | Critically low | 2009 | 71% |
| Marinho [25] | Oral health | Moderate | 2015 | 54% |
| McDonald [33] | Mental health | Low | 2018 | 100% |
| Neil [34] | Mental health | Critically low | 2009 | 56% |
| Paul-Ebhohimhen [35] | SRH | Critically low | 2008 | 50% |
| Schroeder [26] | Obesity | Critically low | 2016 | 82% |
| Stein [27] | Oral health | Low | 2017 | 100% |
| Sullivan [36] | Mental health | Critically low | 2016 | 54% |
| Walter [37] | Asthma | Low | 2016 | 83% |
| Werner-Seidler [28] | Mental health | Low | 2017 | 67% |
a The four items of the checklist include: overlap, AMSTAR 2 rating of confidence, up-to-date, and relevance of included studies
b See Tables E and F in S6 Appendix for AMSTAR 2 rating information
c i.e., percentage of studies within the systematic review that clearly fulfill all inclusion criteria
SRH = sexual and reproductive health