Fig 1. Antimicrobial effect of the nanocomposites on pellicle biofilm (PB), planktonic cells, and surface-attached biofilm (SB) of V. cholerae.

Samples were exposed to different concentrations of (a) ZEO-AgNPs, (b) ZEO-CuNPs, and (c) ZEO-ZnNPs; (ZEO was used as control). Colony-forming unit per ml (CFU/ml) was determined by plate count. Treatments was performed by triplicate, values shown from a representative experiment are means (SD) of each treatment. Significant changes are marked with asterisk: * p-value < 0.05, ** p-value <0.01.