Table 1. Balance of study variables across treatments, Upper East Region, Ghana, for all children under five years of age during the five year period prior to each survey (2005–2014), adjusted for the effects of cluster sampling.
| Covariates | Baseline, 2010 | Endline, 2015 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| control | Intervention | p-value | control | Intervention | p-value | |
| (n = 3,705) | (n = 3,705) | (n = 3,409) | (n = 3,635) | |||
| Gender: | 0.117 | 0.018 | ||||
| Male | 1854 (50.6%) | 1940 (53.0%) | 1709 (50.3%) | 1928 (53.1%) | ||
| Female | 1812 (49.4%) | 1721 (47.0%) | 1689 (49.7%) | 1704 (46.9%) | ||
| Birth type: | 0.012 | 0.944 | ||||
| Singleton | 3541 (95.6%) | 3602 (97.2%) | 3311 (97.1%) | 3529 (97.1%) | ||
| Multiple | 164 (4.4%) | 103 (2.8%) | 98 (2.9%) | 106 (2.9%) | ||
| Gestation | 0.008 | 0.011 | ||||
| 9 months | 3668 (99.0%) | 3629 (97.9%) | 3375 (99.0%) | 3564 (98.0%) | ||
| < 9 months | 37 (1.0%) | 76 (2.1%) | 34 (1.0%) | 71 (2.0%) | ||
| Birth spacing | 0.609 | 0.462 | ||||
| ≥ 24 months | 2751 (74.3%) | 2769 (74.7%) | 3119 (91.5%) | 3347 (92.1%) | ||
| < 24 months | 954 (25.7%) | 936 (25.3%) | 290 (8.5%) | 288 (7.9%) | ||
| Parity | 0.195 | 0.359 | ||||
| Nulliparous | 653 (17.6%) | 596 (16.1%) | 767 (22.5%) | 745 (20.5%) | ||
| Primipara | 645 (17.4%) | 604 (16.3%) | 656 (19.2%) | 676 (18.6%) | ||
| Multipara | 1670 (45.1%) | 1625 (43.9%) | 1561 (45.8%) | 1704 (46.9%) | ||
| grand multipara | 737 (19.9%) | 880 (23.8%) | 425 (12.5%) | 510 (14.0%) | ||
| Maternal Age | 0.909 | 0.092 | ||||
| 15–20 | 450 (12.4%) | 462 (12.7%) | 366 (10.7%) | 325 (8.9%) | ||
| 20–34 | 2555 (70.5%) | 2544 (69.8%) | 2411 (70.7%) | 2527 (69.5%) | ||
| 35–49 | 621 (17.1%) | 641 (17.6%) | 632 (18.5%) | 783 (21.5%) | ||
| Maternal marital status: | 0.343 | 0.587 | ||||
| Unmarried | 1054 (29.0%) | 904 (24.6%) | 374 (11.0%) | 426 (11.7%) | ||
| other wives | 948 (26.1%) | 1132 (30.8%) | 1019 (29.9%) | 1194 (32.9%) | ||
| Monogamous | 1632 (44.9%) | 1640 (44.6%) | 2013 (59.1%) | 2013 (55.4%) | ||
| Maternal literacy | 0.109 | 0.791 | ||||
| No | 3354 (90.5%) | 3189 (86.1%) | 2935 (86.1%) | 3156 (86.8%) | ||
| Yes | 351 (9.5%) | 516 (13.9%) | 474 (13.9%) | 479 (13.2%) | ||
| Maternal education | 0.188 | 0.317 | ||||
| Less than secondary | 3636 (98.2%) | 3592 (97.0%) | 3299 (96.8%) | 3467 (95.4%) | ||
| Secondary or higher | 67 (1.8%) | 112 (3.0%) | 110 (3.2%) | 168 (4.6%) | ||
| Wealth (household) | 0.064 | 0.007 | ||||
| Less Poor (Q2—Q5) | 2501 (67.6%) | 2159 (58.3%) | 2876 (84.4%) | 2742 (75.4%) | ||
| Poorest (Q1) | 1200 (32.4%) | 1546 (41.7%) | 533 (15.6%) | 893 (24.6%) | ||
| Nearest Health Facility (km) | 2.89 ± 0.54 | 4.53 ± 0.98 | 0.005 | 2.60 ± 0.56 | 4.24 ± 0.95 | 0.004 |