Table 2.
Biochemical markers associated with food insecurity among people living with HIV receiving care at the antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment centre at Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals, Pune, Maharashtra, India, September 2015–May 2016
| Total (n 483) | Food insecure (n 194) | Food secure (n 289) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n or median | % or IQR | n or median | % or IQR | n or median | % or IQR | OR | 95 % CI | aOR | 95 %CI | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||
| <18·5 (underweight) | 141 | 29 | 53 | 28 | 88 | 30 | 1·0 | Ref. | – | – |
| 18·5–24·9 (normal) | 255 | 53 | 102 | 53 | 153 | 53 | 1·1 | 0·7, 1·7 | – | – |
| ≥25·0 (overweight & obese) | 78 | 16 | 34 | 18 | 44 | 15 | 1·3 | 0·7, 2·3 | – | – |
| Missing | 9 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 1 | – | – | – | – |
| CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) | ||||||||||
| Median and IQR | 389 | 246–609 | 367 | 233–583 | 402 | 254–616 | – | – | – | – |
| >500 | 174 | 36 | 61 | 31 | 113 | 39 | 1·0 | Ref. | – | – |
| <350 | 210 | 43 | 90 | 46 | 120 | 42 | 1·4 | 0·9, 2·1 | – | – |
| 350–500 | 94 | 19 | 42 | 22 | 52 | 18 | 1·5 | 0·9, 2·5 | – | – |
| Missing | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0·5 | 4 | 1 | – | – | – | – |
| Viral load | ||||||||||
| Undetectable (<40 copies) | 248 | 51 | 98 | 51 | 150 | 52 | 1·0 | Ref. | – | – |
| Detectable (≥40 copies) | 235 | 49 | 96 | 49 | 139 | 48 | 1·1 | 0·7, 1·5 | – | – |
| Time on ART | ||||||||||
| ≤7 d (naïve) | 100 | 21 | 40 | 21 | 60 | 21 | 1·0 | Ref. | – | – |
| ≥1–5 years | 154 | 32 | 68 | 35 | 86 | 30 | 1·2 | 0·7, 1·9 | – | – |
| >5–10 years | 169 | 35 | 64 | 33 | 105 | 36 | 0·9 | 0·6, 1·5 | – | – |
| >10 years | 60 | 12 | 22 | 11 | 38 | 13 | 0·9 | 0·4, 1·7 | – | – |
| Dyslipidaemia* | ||||||||||
| No | 183 | 38 | 81 | 42 | 102 | 35 | 1·0 | Ref. | – | – |
| Yes | 278 | 58 | 109 | 56 | 169 | 58 | 0·8 | 0·6, 1·2 | – | – |
| Missing | 22 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 18 | 6 | – | – | – | – |
| d-Dimer tertile (µg/ml) | ||||||||||
| ≤0·18 | 171 | 35 | 54 | 28 | 117 | 40 | 1·0 | Ref. | ‡ | |
| 0·19–0·31 | 153 | 32 | 66 | 34 | 87 | 30 | 1·6 | 1·04, 2·6 | ||
| ≥0·32 | 159 | 33 | 74 | 38 | 85 | 29 | 1·9 | 1·2, 2·9 | ||
| hs-CRP tertile (mg/dl) | ||||||||||
| ≤0·10 | 163 | 34 | 56 | 29 | 107 | 37 | 1·0 | Ref. | ‡ | |
| 0·101–0·32 | 159 | 33 | 64 | 33 | 95 | 33 | 1·3 | 0·8, 2·0 | ||
| ≥0·33 | 161 | 33 | 74 | 38 | 87 | 30 | 1·6 | 1·03, 2·5 | ||
| IL-6≥0·75 (pg/ml)† | ||||||||||
| No | 176 | 36 | 64 | 33 | 112 | 39 | 1·0 | Ref. | – | – |
| Yes | 176 | 36 | 73 | 38 | 103 | 36 | 1·2 | 0·8, 1·9 | – | – |
| Missing | 131 | 27 | 57 | 29 | 74 | 26 | – | – | – | – |
| IL-10≥1·08 (pg/ml)† | ||||||||||
| No | 182 | 38 | 67 | 35 | 115 | 40 | 1·0 | Ref. | – | – |
| Yes | 192 | 40 | 79 | 41 | 113 | 39 | 1·2 | 0·7, 1·8 | – | – |
| Missing | 109 | 23 | 48 | 25 | 61 | 21 | – | – | – | – |
| TNFα≥1·12 (pg/ml)† | ||||||||||
| No | 174 | 36 | 73 | 38 | 101 | 35 | 1·0 | Ref. | – | – |
| Yes | 177 | 50 | 72 | 37 | 105 | 36 | 0·9 | 0·6, 1·4 | – | – |
| Missing | 132 | 27 | 49 | 25 | 83 | 29 | – | – | – | – |
| MCP-1≥3·88 (pg/ml)† | ||||||||||
| No | 244 | 51 | 103 | 53 | 141 | 49 | 1·0 | Ref. | – | – |
| Yes | 233 | 48 | 88 | 45 | 145 | 50 | 0·8 | 0·6, 1·2 | – | – |
| Missing | 6 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | – | – | – | – |
IQR, interquartile range; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; ref., reference category.
Results are presented as n and % unless indicated otherwise. Significant results are indicated in bold.
Dyslipidaemia used as an umbrella term to include people living with HIV with any of the following: total cholesterol≥200 mg/dl, TAG≥150 mg/dl, LDL-cholesterol≥130 mg/dl or HDL-cholesterol<40 mg/dl.
Cut-offs derived using the median values of log-transformed distributions. Missing for BMI are participants missing either weight or height measurements; missing for dyslipidaemia are those with extremely high TAG values precluding calculation of LDL-cholesterol values; values of biomarkers that were below the level of machine calibration were treated as missing.
Multivariable models for the associations between food insecurity, hs-CRP and d-dimer are shown in Fig. 1 and the online supplementary material, Supplemental Table 2.