Table 2.
Diagnostic Group Comparisons of Neurocognitive, Social Cognitive and Functioning Variables
| Statistics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BD | SZ | HC | F | p | |
| Neurocognition | n=53 | n=42 | n=49 | ||
| Processing Speed | 44.47 (11.50) | 40.14 (7.93) | 49.51 (12.80) | 4.79 | 0.01 |
| BD v. HC; p=0.05 | |||||
| HC v. SZ; p=0.002 | |||||
| Attention/Vigilance | 39.02 (12.08) | 39.05 (11.19) | 45.90 (11.56) | 5.18 | 0.007 |
| BD v. HC; p=0.002 | |||||
| HC v. SZ; p=0.03 | |||||
| Working Memory | 40.77 (11.08) | 38.86 (12.20) | 45.37 (12.0) | 2.20 | 0.12 |
| Visual Learning | 42.32 (11.79) | 39.71 (10.99) | 44.73 (14.08) | 1.34 | 0.27 |
| Verbal Learning | 47.30 (12.79) | 40.58 (8.69) | 48.55 (11.24) | 4.88 | 0.01 |
| BD v. SZ; p=0.01 | |||||
| HC v. SZ; p=0.004 | |||||
| Reasoning/Problem-Solving | 46.08 (11.39) | 40.76 (8.64) | 43.71 (9.39) | 2.44 | 0.09 |
| Composite Score | 43.33 (8.66) | 39.85 (7.11) | 46.30 (8.43) | 4.29 | 0.02 |
| HC v. SZ; p=0.004 | |||||
| Social Cognition | n=53 | n=41 | n=50 | ||
| MSCEITa | 46.48 (10.17) | 38.91 (11.93) | 49.22 (10.17) | 3.17 | 0.05 |
| BD v. SZ; p=0.02 | |||||
| HC v. SZ; p=0.03 | |||||
| RMET | 25.68 (4.39) | 23.20 (5.41) | 25.50 (5.45) | 1.09 | 0.34 |
| ERT (% correct) | |||||
| Happy | 69.06 (19.24) | 66.34 (16.85) | 64.15 (19.22) | 0.06 | 0.94 |
| Sad | 71.67 (18.50) | 67.76 (20.84) | 70.81 (20.0) | 0.15 | 0.86 |
| Anger | 78.71 (17.79) | 70.81 (19.61) | 75.97 (22.12) | 0.41 | 0.66 |
| Disgust | 62.94 (19.78) | 60.57 (23.84) | 63.13 (25.31) | 0.46 | 0.64 |
| Fear | 50.26 (22.0) | 45.20 (21.13) | 49.24 (25.14) | 0.12 | 0.89 |
| Surprise | 55.13 (14.02) | 53.47 (16.54) | 53.81 (16.08) | 0.77 | 0.46 |
| Functioning | |||||
| WHODAS | n=56 | n=41 | n=50 | ||
| Communicating | 23.07 (17.84) | 24.80 (18.80) | 6.00 (10.14) | 10.36 | <0.001 BD v. HC; p<0.001 HC v. SZ; p<0.001 |
| Getting Around | 18.57 (18.85) | 21.10 (22.18) | 4.10 (7.80) | 2.71 | 0.07 |
| Self-Care | 12.28 (14.98) | 8.08 (12.67) | 0.63 (2.28) | 4.95 | 0.01 BD v. SZ; p=0.03 BD v. HC; p=0.004 |
| Getting Along | 23.48 (20.00) | 25.61 (18.51) | 5.10 (8.42) | 8.04 | <0.001 BD v. HC; p=0.002 HC v. SZ; p<0.001 |
| Life Activities-Home | 29.46 (26.29) | 16.62 (16.45) | 7.87 (13.53) | 8.96 | <0.001 BD v. SZ; p=0.002 BD v. HC; p<0.001 |
| Participation in Society | 28.91 (17.64) | 24.54 (18.24) | 4.50 (7.99) | 13.94 | <0.001 BD v. HC; p<0.001 HC v. SZ; p=0.001 |
| Overall Score | 22.63 (12.90) | 20.12 (12.00) | 4.70 (6.52) | 15.56 | <0.001 BD v. HC; p<0.001 HC v. SZ; p<0.001 |
| SAS-SR | n=56 | n=43 | n=50 | ||
| Social Leisure | 2.45 (0.77) | 2.86 (0.72) | 1.96 (0.51) | 8.02 | 0.001 BD v. SZ; p=0.004 HC v. SZ; p<0.001 |
| Relationships-extended family | 1.97 (0.78) | 2.07 (0.61) | 1.46 (0.46) | 4.73 | 0.01 BD v. HC; p=0.02 HC v. SZ; p=0.004 |
| Total Score | 2.21 (0.59) | 2.38 (0.51) | 1.64 (0.35) | 11.90 | <0.001 BD v. HC; p<0.001 HC v. SZ; p<0.001 |
Note: Data are given as mean (standard deviation).
BD, Bipolar Disorder I/II; SZ, Schizophrenia/Schizoaffective; HC, Healthy Control; MSCEIT, Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test; RMET, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test; ERT, Emotion Recognition Test; WHODAS, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0; SAS-SR, Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report.
a
BD (n=54), SZ (n=45), HC (n=50). Only significant comparisons are listed.