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. 2019 Jun 12;9:8561. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44639-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histological and TEM analyses of kidney tissue structure. Morphological analysis of kidney biopsies at 17.5 dpc using H&E staining (a–d, scale bar = 20 µm) and TEM analysis (e–h, scale bar = 2 µm), showing representative images. (a–b) Control groups displayed normal tissue morphology. (c) Kidneys from preeclamptic females displayed glomerular tuft swelling resulting in reduced Bowman’s space. (d) Treatment with rA1M alleviated these glomerular changes to a level similar to the control groups. (e,f) Control groups displayed normal tissue and cell morphology. (g) Kidneys from preeclamptic females showed pathological changes including podocytes with intracellular vesicular bodies and disrupted mitochondria and ER, swollen and irregular glomerular basal membrane, effacement of podocyte foot processes and irregular and structurally aberrant endothelial fenestration. (h) Human rA1M-treatment protected the structure of the tissue, showing normal cell morphology and tissue organisation. White arrow = Bowman’s space, P = podocyte, L = lumen, *basal membrane, long black arrow = podocyte foot processes, short black arrow = endothelial fenestration.