Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of HCC cases and matched controls.

Characteristics	Cases (n = 241) n (%)	Controls (n = 1,205) n (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)
Age at index date, years*			—
40–49	17 (7.1)	101 (8.4)	—
50–59	73 (30.3)	360 (29.9)	—
60–69	82 (34.0)	398 (33.0)	—
70–79	57 (23.7)	297 (24.6)	—
≥80	12 (5.0)	49 (4.1)	—
Sex*			—
Male	194 (80.5)	970 (80.5)	—
Female	47 (19.5)	235 (19.5)	—
Year at diagnosis of diabetes*			—
2003–2006	148 (61.4)	731 (60.7)	—
2007–2009	69 (28.6)	357 (39.6)	—
2010–2012	24 (10.0)	117 (9.7)	—
Alcoholic liver disease	29 (12.0)	100 (8.3)	1.54 (0.98–2.41)
Chronic viral hepatitis	76 (31.5)	19 (1.6)	26.1 (14.8–46.3)
Liver cirrhosis	96 (39.8)	19 (1.6)	45.6 (23.7–87.5)
Chronic respiratory disease	63 (26.1)	310 (25.7)	1.02 (0.74–1.41)
Previous cancer	18 (7.5)	40 (3.3)	2.37 (1.33–4.23)
CCI, mean (SD)	0.99 (1.19)	1.11 (1.24)	0.91 (0.80–1.03)
Household income, mean (SD)	5.54 (3.03)	6.05 (3.21)	0.95 (0.91–0.99)
Residential area
Metropolitan	106 (44.0)	551 (45.7)	1.00
Non-metropolitan	135 (56.0)	654 (54.3)	1.07 (0.81–1.42)
Aspirin use	59 (24.5)	431 (35.8)	0.57 (0.41–0.79)
Statin use	39 (16.2)	507 (42.1)	0.25 (0.17–0.36)
Insulin use	11 (4.6)	31 (2.6)	1.81 (0.90–3.66)
Sulfonylurea use	212 (88.0)	976 (81.0)	1.84 (1.19–2.86)
Glinide use	33 (13.7)	91 (7.6)	2.00 (1.29–3.08)
Metformin use	162 (67.2)	924 (76.7)	0.59 (0.43–0.81)
Thiazolidinedione use	33 (13.7)	180 (14.9)	0.90 (0.60–1.36)
DPP4 inhibitor use	14 (5.8)	116 (9.6)	0.55 (0.30–1.00)

Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; SD, standard deviation; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4.

*Matching variables. The index date was defined as the year before the diagnosis of HCC.