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. 2018 Mar 28;58(4):1475–1493. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1673-6

Table 4.

Energy-standardised nutrient intakes, prevalence of inadequate intake, and Nutrient Rich Diet scores in four European populations, aged ≥ 18 years

DRV Denmark (n = 2025) Czech Republic (n = 1869) Italy (n = 2831) France (n = 2624)
Mean Median (P25; P75) %<DRV Mean Median (P25; P75) %<DRV Mean Median (P25; P75) %<DRV Mean Median (P25; P75) %<DRV
Unstandardised energy intake, kcal/day 2264* 2155 (1681; 2738) 2523* 2396 (1790; 3106) 2119* 2057 (1666; 2491) 1980* 1912 (1509; 2390)
Qualifying nutrients
 Protein, g/day 0.66 g/BW 68.7 67.6 (59.7; 77.1) 16% 67.1 66.1 (59.1; 73.8) 12% 79.0* 77.8 (70.5; 86.1) 1% 83.5* 81.4 (70.9; 93.4) 2.4%
 Protein, E% 13.9 13.8 (12.4; 15.2) 13.4 13.2 (11.8; 14.8) 15.6* 15.6 (14.1; 17.2) 16.7* 16.3 (14.2; 18.7)
 Animal protein, g/day 44.8* 43.2 (35.6; 52.8) 38.8* 37.5 (30.1; 45.8) 48.6* 47.1 (38.9; 56.8) c
 Plant protein, g/day 20.3* 20.2 (16.9; 23.6) 23.9* 23.8 (20.1; 27.3) 30.3* 30.3 (26.5; 34) c
 Dietary fibre, g/daya 25 19.4* 18.6 (14.5; 23.2) 81% 15.8* 15.1 (12.7; 18.3) 96% 18.1* 17.0 (14.0; 21.0) 88% 16.6* 15.7 (12.3; 19.5) 91%
 MUFA, g/daya 25.7* 25.5 (21.0; 30.0) 32.0* 31.8 (27.8; 36.4) 39.0* 38.7 (33.5; 44.1) 29.7* 28.9 (24.0; 34.2)
 MUFA, E% 10–20 E% 11.7* 11.6 (9.5; 13.6) 31% 14.4* 14.3 (12.5; 16.4) 8% 17.6* 17.4 (15.1; 19.9) 25% 13.4* 13.0 (10.8; 15.4) 23%
 Calcium, mg/day 750 983* 928 (705; 1189) 30% 660* 593 (424; 805) 69% 742* 708 (539; 897) 57% 899* 842 (649; 1066) 38%
 Iron, mg/day M: 6; F: 7 9.1* 8.9 (7.7; 10.2) 8% 10.6* 10.1 (8.5; 12.1) 4% 11.1* 10.5 (9.0; 12.3) 2% 12.4* 11.2 (9.4; 13.8) 2%
 Potassium, mg/dayb 3500 3143* 3073 (2514; 3658) 69% 2288* 2199 (1895; 2573) 96% 2938 2834 (2420; 3326) 81% 2879 2763 (2326; 3287) 82%
 Magnesium, mg/dayb M: 350; F: 300 322* 315 (270; 365) 54% 285 274 (241; 315) 75% 268* 254 (219 299) 80% 282 263 (230 ; 309) 77%
 Zinc, mg/day M: 7.5; F: 6.2 9.5* 9.3 (8.1; 10.8) 10% 7.0* 6.7 (5.6; 8.0) 52% 11.0* 10.5 (9.1; 12.4) 3% 10.2* 9.6 (8.1; 11.8) 9%
Vitamin A, µg RE/day M: 570; F490 1032* 851 (557; 1242) 23% 692* 450 (315; 631) 62% 854* 635 (467; 924) 34% 1200* 822 (552; 1279) 23%
Vitamin C, mg/day M: 90; F: 80 102* 85 (57; 131) 50% 78* 63 (37; 103) 65% 126* 103 (66; 159) 38% 91* 76 (46; 119) 56%
Vitamin E, mg/dayb M: 13; F: 11 6.7* 6.1 (5.1; 7.7) 95% 11.7* 11.1 (8.4; 14.4) 56% 12.7* 11.8 (9.7; 14.1) 53% 10.6* 9.4 (6.9; 13.2) 66%
Vitamin D, µg/dayb 15 3.0 1.9 (1.3; 2.7) 97% 2.9 2.1 (1.4; 3.2) 99% 2.4 1.5 (1.0; 2.4) 99% 2.6 1.7 (1.0; 3.0) 99%
Vitamin B1, mg/day 0.6 1.1 1.1 (0.9; 1.3) 3% 1.1 1.0 (0.9; 1.2) 2% 1.10 0.9 (0.8; 1.1) 53% 1.20 1.1 (0.9; 1.3) 0%
Vitamin B2, mg/day M: 1.1; F: 0.9 1.47* 1.38 (1.13; 1.70) 20% 1.08* 0.99 (0.84; 1.20) 65% 1.40* 1.3 (1.1; 1.6) 16% 1.80* 1.7 (1.4; 2.1) 8%
Vitamin B12, µg/dayb 4 4.7 4.2 (3.1; 5.6) 45% 4.4 3.4 (2.5; 4.8) 64% 6.1 4.1 (3.1; 5.8) 48% 5.6 4.0 (2.9; 5.8) 50%
Folate, µg DFE/d 250 293 268 (214; 334) 41% 212* 182 (146; 242) 76% 350* 305 (254; 380) 23% 278 253 (203; 322) 49%
Disqualifying nutrients MRV %> MRV %> MRV %> MRV %> MRV
 SFA, g/day 30.4 30.2 (25.0; 35.4) 30.6 30.4 (25.5; 35.1) 24.6* 24.2 (20.3; 28.3) 33.5* 33.4 (27.7; 39.1)
 SFA, E%/dayd < 10 E% 13.8 13.7 (11.3; 16.1) 86% 13.8 13.7 (11.5; 15.8) 80% 11.1* 10.9 (9.1; 12.7) 62% 15.1* 15.0 (12.5; 17.6) 91%
 Added sugar, g/day 43.2* 36.4 (21.3; 57.2) 36.6 31.3 (18.8; 50.6) 38.6 35.2 (21.1; 52.5) c
 Added sugar, E%d < 10 E% 8.8* 7.4 (4.3; 11.6) 32% 7.3 6.3 (3.8; 10.1) 21% 7.7 7.0 (4.2; 10.5) 24% c b
 Sodium, mg/dayd < 2400 3012* 2919 (2484; 3439) 80% 4244* 4153 (3576; 4800) 98% 1703* 1648 (1245; 2076) 13% 2797* 2668 (2228; 3223) 85%
Nutrient Rich Diet Scores
 Sub-score NRD9 765 775 (710; 829) 715* 721 (643; 794) 781* 793 (730; 841) 759 767 (701; 826)
 Sub-score NRD15 1245 1259 (1192; 1310) 1175* 1182 (1097; 263) 1295* 1310 (1246; 1356) 1250 1262 (1191; 1324)
 Sub-score NRDX.3 349* 346 (300; 392) 388* 387 (347; 427) 244* 242 (215; 271) c
 Total score NRD9.3 416* 427 (334; 507) 327* 328 (256; 400) 537* 547 (482; 600) c
 Total score NRD15.3 896* 916 (823; 992) 787* 791 (704; 875) 1051* 1062 997; 1115 c

DRV dietary reference value, AR average requirement, AI adequate intake, RE retinol equivalents, DFE dietary folate equivalents, E% energy percentage, MUFA mono-unsaturated fatty acids, SFA saturated fatty acids, NRD Nutrient Rich Diet scores, including their sub-scores

Intakes of nutrients are standardised to a 2000 kcal/day diet

a%<AR represents a proxy for the percentage of the population that have an inadequate intake, i.e. intake lower than the dietary reference value

bNutrients where AR cannot be set, hence AI is defined

cCannot be computed

dPercentages shown for SFA, added sugar and sodium reflect the proportion of the population that have an excessive intake, i.e. intake higher than the reference value (Maximum Recommend Value)

*Bonferroni p < 0.0001 test comparison for intake that was significantly different from all other three countries under study