Table 4.
Energy-standardised nutrient intakes, prevalence of inadequate intake, and Nutrient Rich Diet scores in four European populations, aged ≥ 18 years
| DRV | Denmark (n = 2025) | Czech Republic (n = 1869) | Italy (n = 2831) | France (n = 2624) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %<DRV | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %<DRV | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %<DRV | Mean | Median | (P25; P75) | %<DRV | ||
| Unstandardised energy intake, kcal/day | – | 2264* | 2155 | (1681; 2738) | – | 2523* | 2396 | (1790; 3106) | – | 2119* | 2057 | (1666; 2491) | – | 1980* | 1912 | (1509; 2390) | – |
| Qualifying nutrients | |||||||||||||||||
| Protein, g/day | 0.66 g/BW | 68.7 | 67.6 | (59.7; 77.1) | 16% | 67.1 | 66.1 | (59.1; 73.8) | 12% | 79.0* | 77.8 | (70.5; 86.1) | 1% | 83.5* | 81.4 | (70.9; 93.4) | 2.4% |
| Protein, E% | – | 13.9 | 13.8 | (12.4; 15.2) | – | 13.4 | 13.2 | (11.8; 14.8) | – | 15.6* | 15.6 | (14.1; 17.2) | 16.7* | 16.3 | (14.2; 18.7) | ||
| Animal protein, g/day | – | 44.8* | 43.2 | (35.6; 52.8) | – | 38.8* | 37.5 | (30.1; 45.8) | – | 48.6* | 47.1 | (38.9; 56.8) | – | c | |||
| Plant protein, g/day | – | 20.3* | 20.2 | (16.9; 23.6) | – | 23.9* | 23.8 | (20.1; 27.3) | – | 30.3* | 30.3 | (26.5; 34) | – | c | |||
| Dietary fibre, g/daya | 25 | 19.4* | 18.6 | (14.5; 23.2) | 81% | 15.8* | 15.1 | (12.7; 18.3) | 96% | 18.1* | 17.0 | (14.0; 21.0) | 88% | 16.6* | 15.7 | (12.3; 19.5) | 91% |
| MUFA, g/daya | – | 25.7* | 25.5 | (21.0; 30.0) | – | 32.0* | 31.8 | (27.8; 36.4) | – | 39.0* | 38.7 | (33.5; 44.1) | – | 29.7* | 28.9 | (24.0; 34.2) | – |
| MUFA, E% | 10–20 E% | 11.7* | 11.6 | (9.5; 13.6) | 31% | 14.4* | 14.3 | (12.5; 16.4) | 8% | 17.6* | 17.4 | (15.1; 19.9) | 25% | 13.4* | 13.0 | (10.8; 15.4) | 23% |
| Calcium, mg/day | 750 | 983* | 928 | (705; 1189) | 30% | 660* | 593 | (424; 805) | 69% | 742* | 708 | (539; 897) | 57% | 899* | 842 | (649; 1066) | 38% |
| Iron, mg/day | M: 6; F: 7 | 9.1* | 8.9 | (7.7; 10.2) | 8% | 10.6* | 10.1 | (8.5; 12.1) | 4% | 11.1* | 10.5 | (9.0; 12.3) | 2% | 12.4* | 11.2 | (9.4; 13.8) | 2% |
| Potassium, mg/dayb | 3500 | 3143* | 3073 | (2514; 3658) | 69% | 2288* | 2199 | (1895; 2573) | 96% | 2938 | 2834 | (2420; 3326) | 81% | 2879 | 2763 | (2326; 3287) | 82% |
| Magnesium, mg/dayb | M: 350; F: 300 | 322* | 315 | (270; 365) | 54% | 285 | 274 | (241; 315) | 75% | 268* | 254 | (219 299) | 80% | 282 | 263 | (230 ; 309) | 77% |
| Zinc, mg/day | M: 7.5; F: 6.2 | 9.5* | 9.3 | (8.1; 10.8) | 10% | 7.0* | 6.7 | (5.6; 8.0) | 52% | 11.0* | 10.5 | (9.1; 12.4) | 3% | 10.2* | 9.6 | (8.1; 11.8) | 9% |
| Vitamin A, µg RE/day | M: 570; F490 | 1032* | 851 | (557; 1242) | 23% | 692* | 450 | (315; 631) | 62% | 854* | 635 | (467; 924) | 34% | 1200* | 822 | (552; 1279) | 23% |
| Vitamin C, mg/day | M: 90; F: 80 | 102* | 85 | (57; 131) | 50% | 78* | 63 | (37; 103) | 65% | 126* | 103 | (66; 159) | 38% | 91* | 76 | (46; 119) | 56% |
| Vitamin E, mg/dayb | M: 13; F: 11 | 6.7* | 6.1 | (5.1; 7.7) | 95% | 11.7* | 11.1 | (8.4; 14.4) | 56% | 12.7* | 11.8 | (9.7; 14.1) | 53% | 10.6* | 9.4 | (6.9; 13.2) | 66% |
| Vitamin D, µg/dayb | 15 | 3.0 | 1.9 | (1.3; 2.7) | 97% | 2.9 | 2.1 | (1.4; 3.2) | 99% | 2.4 | 1.5 | (1.0; 2.4) | 99% | 2.6 | 1.7 | (1.0; 3.0) | 99% |
| Vitamin B1, mg/day | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.1 | (0.9; 1.3) | 3% | 1.1 | 1.0 | (0.9; 1.2) | 2% | 1.10 | 0.9 | (0.8; 1.1) | 53% | 1.20 | 1.1 | (0.9; 1.3) | 0% |
| Vitamin B2, mg/day | M: 1.1; F: 0.9 | 1.47* | 1.38 | (1.13; 1.70) | 20% | 1.08* | 0.99 | (0.84; 1.20) | 65% | 1.40* | 1.3 | (1.1; 1.6) | 16% | 1.80* | 1.7 | (1.4; 2.1) | 8% |
| Vitamin B12, µg/dayb | 4 | 4.7 | 4.2 | (3.1; 5.6) | 45% | 4.4 | 3.4 | (2.5; 4.8) | 64% | 6.1 | 4.1 | (3.1; 5.8) | 48% | 5.6 | 4.0 | (2.9; 5.8) | 50% |
| Folate, µg DFE/d | 250 | 293 | 268 | (214; 334) | 41% | 212* | 182 | (146; 242) | 76% | 350* | 305 | (254; 380) | 23% | 278 | 253 | (203; 322) | 49% |
| Disqualifying nutrients | MRV | %> MRV | %> MRV | %> MRV | %> MRV | ||||||||||||
| SFA, g/day | – | 30.4 | 30.2 | (25.0; 35.4) | – | 30.6 | 30.4 | (25.5; 35.1) | – | 24.6* | 24.2 | (20.3; 28.3) | – | 33.5* | 33.4 | (27.7; 39.1) | – |
| SFA, E%/dayd | < 10 E% | 13.8 | 13.7 | (11.3; 16.1) | 86% | 13.8 | 13.7 | (11.5; 15.8) | 80% | 11.1* | 10.9 | (9.1; 12.7) | 62% | 15.1* | 15.0 | (12.5; 17.6) | 91% |
| Added sugar, g/day | – | 43.2* | 36.4 | (21.3; 57.2) | – | 36.6 | 31.3 | (18.8; 50.6) | – | 38.6 | 35.2 | (21.1; 52.5) | – | c | – | ||
| Added sugar, E%d | < 10 E% | 8.8* | 7.4 | (4.3; 11.6) | 32% | 7.3 | 6.3 | (3.8; 10.1) | 21% | 7.7 | 7.0 | (4.2; 10.5) | 24% | c | b | ||
| Sodium, mg/dayd | < 2400 | 3012* | 2919 | (2484; 3439) | 80% | 4244* | 4153 | (3576; 4800) | 98% | 1703* | 1648 | (1245; 2076) | 13% | 2797* | 2668 | (2228; 3223) | 85% |
| Nutrient Rich Diet Scores | |||||||||||||||||
| Sub-score NRD9 | – | 765 | 775 | (710; 829) | – | 715* | 721 | (643; 794) | – | 781* | 793 | (730; 841) | – | 759 | 767 | (701; 826) | – |
| Sub-score NRD15 | – | 1245 | 1259 | (1192; 1310) | – | 1175* | 1182 | (1097; 263) | – | 1295* | 1310 | (1246; 1356) | – | 1250 | 1262 | (1191; 1324) | – |
| Sub-score NRDX.3 | – | 349* | 346 | (300; 392) | – | 388* | 387 | (347; 427) | – | 244* | 242 | (215; 271) | – | c | – | ||
| Total score NRD9.3 | – | 416* | 427 | (334; 507) | – | 327* | 328 | (256; 400) | – | 537* | 547 | (482; 600) | – | c | – | ||
| Total score NRD15.3 | – | 896* | 916 | (823; 992) | – | 787* | 791 | (704; 875) | – | 1051* | 1062 | 997; 1115 | – | c | – | ||
DRV dietary reference value, AR average requirement, AI adequate intake, RE retinol equivalents, DFE dietary folate equivalents, E% energy percentage, MUFA mono-unsaturated fatty acids, SFA saturated fatty acids, NRD Nutrient Rich Diet scores, including their sub-scores
Intakes of nutrients are standardised to a 2000 kcal/day diet
a%<AR represents a proxy for the percentage of the population that have an inadequate intake, i.e. intake lower than the dietary reference value
bNutrients where AR cannot be set, hence AI is defined
cCannot be computed
dPercentages shown for SFA, added sugar and sodium reflect the proportion of the population that have an excessive intake, i.e. intake higher than the reference value (Maximum Recommend Value)
*Bonferroni p < 0.0001 test comparison for intake that was significantly different from all other three countries under study