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. 2019 Jun 12;9:8531. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44630-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Working model describes the pathways potentially involved in host immune modulation against Leishmania infection and parasite clearance with Vit.D₃/RA/CDCA molecules. Leishmania promastigotes binding to macrophages enter by phagocytosis. Vit.D₃/RA and CDCA/RA treatment effects on the early maturation of phagosomes by immune modulation towards Th1 immune response and downregulation of Th2 immune response leads to parasite clearance.