Table 2.

Number of Unique Patients Billed, by Medical Therapy Prior to Index Spinal Fusion.

Characteristic	NSAIDs	Opioids	LESI	PT/OT	ED Visits	Muscle Relaxants	Chiropractor Visits	Total
Total patients	11 383	19 770	14 422	11 156	4005	12 414	4042	77 192
Male	4336	7995	5619	4166	1591	4751	1755	30 213
Female	7047	11 775	8803	6990	2414	7663	2287	46 979
Geographical region breakdown
Midwest	2446	4426	3829	3159	998	2537	1466	18 861
Northeast	191	385	301	239	105	192	112	1525
South	7557	12 745	8784	6549	2522	8408	2004	48 569
West	1190	2217	1508	1210	380	1278	460	8243
Race breakdown
Unknown	2223	3615	2893	2294	699	2722	837	15 283
White	7885	14 307	10 309	7886	2750	8490	3049	54 676
Black	980	1468	951	769	447	968	116	5699
Other	104	141	106	86	40	85	13	575
Asian	30	34	29	19	10	16	<11	138a
Hispanic	134	164	98	78	48	100	<11	622a
North American Native	27	41	36	24	11	33	11	183

Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; LESI, lumbar epidural steroid injections; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PT/OT, physical therapy/occupational therapy.

^a Denotes summation value that may be underestimated as one or more of the calculation components were unknown due to confidentiality violations associated with small patient tally (<11) reporting.