Table 3.

Total Medical Therapy Units Billed Prior to Index Spinal Fusion.

Characteristic	NSAIDs	Opioids	LESI	PT/OT	ED Visits	Muscle Relaxants	Chiropractor Visits	Unit Totals
Total patients	3 760 038	10 914 851	66 419	18 814	35 969	4 462 055	73 496	19 331 642
Male	1 341 302	4 314 872	25 801	6861	14 874	1 567 006	19 445	7 290 161
Female	2 418 736	6 599 979	40 618	11 953	21 095	2 895 049	54 051	12 041 481
Geographical region breakdown
Midwest	817 024	2 452 231	16 663	5159	9506	793 534	45 937	4 140 054
Northeast	61 961	271 203	1379	423	840	74 759	1169	411 734
South	2 475 139	6 961 547	41 424	11 102	22 560	3 161 024	21 565	12 694 361
West	405 914	1 229 870	6953	2130	3063	432 738	4825	2 085 493
Race breakdown
Unknown	554 607	1 625 762	13 659	3820	6767	762 973	9274	2 976 862
White	2 783 023	8 254 222	47 396	13 418	23 861	3 353 033	62 465	14 537 418
Black	319 224	816 160	4098	1227	4354	280 144	1365	1 426 572
Other	38 156	53 260	508	141	380	17 873	148	110 466
Asian	9105	7550	119	28	85	1423	UNK	18 309a
Hispanic	46 362	120 165	494	141	442	30 933	UNK	198 536a
North American Native	9561	37 732	145	39	80	15 676	112	63 345

Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; LESI, lumbar epidural steroid injections; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PT/OT, physical therapy/occupational therapy; UNK, unknown.

^a Denotes summation value that may be underestimated as one or more of the calculation components were unknown due to confidentiality violations associated with small patient tally (<11) reporting.