Table 2.

Bowel Perforation Case Details.

	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3
Age, years	73	78	72
Gender	Female	Female	Female
Surgery	TPIF	TPIF	TPIF and posterior fusion
Side of approach	Right	Right	Right
No. of incisions	1	2	2
Level of fusion	L4-5	L2-3, L3-4	L2-3, L3-4, L4-5
Cage/plate	Cage and plate	Cage, planned for stage 2 posteriorly	Cage, underwent a posterior fusion after 2 days
Major medical comorbidities	Grave’s disease, constipation	Hypertension, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, breast cancer	Hepatitis C, liver cirrhosis
Previous abdopelvic surgery	None	Hysterectomy	None
Opioid dependence	No	No	No
Nausea/vomiting	Yes	Yes	Yes
Abdominal distension	Severe	Severe	Yes, significant
Bowel sounds	Hypoactive	Hypoactive	Hypoactive
Abdominal pain	Yes, 4 quadrants	Significant	Significant
Opioid use	Yes	Yes	Yes
Status oral intake following TPIF	Tolerating solids	Tolerating oral liquids	Tolerating Solids
Sepsis	Yes	Yes	Yes
Day of bowel injury identification	Day 4	Day 3	Day 7
Finding at laparotomy	Retroperitoneal abscess; perforation of the ascending colon; fecal contamination	Retroperitoneal fecal contamination; two separate colon perforations in ascending colon	Retroperitoneal extensive fecal contamination; bowel perforation involving the ascending colon; colon was stuck to the L3-4 interbody cage
Surgery	Ileocecectomy and side to side anastomosis	Colectomy and diverting ileostomy	Colectomy and end anastomosis
Growth	GNR, GPC	GNR	GNR, GPR
Antibiotic used	Piperacillin/tazobactam, vancomycin, fluconazole	Cefepime, metronidazole, micafungin	Cefipime, metronidazole
Outcome	Good	Good	Good

Abbreviations: DNR, gram-negative rods; GPC, gram-positive cocci; TPIF, transpsoas lumbar interbody fusion.