Figure 1.

Mechanisms of tumor cell elimination during immunotherapy based on intratumoral application of mannan-BAM+TLR ligands (MBT). After intratumoral application of mannan with a biocompatible anchor for membrane-BAM, the hydrophobic part of BAM is incorporated into the lipid bilayer of tumor cells. Mannan attached to membranes activates innate immunity by the interaction of mannan with mannan binding lectin (MBL). This interaction initiates activation of the complement lectin pathway. This results in iC3b production and opsonization of tumor cells followed by migration of immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, or granulocytes) and phagocytosis activation. Further, simultaneous intratumoral application of TLR ligands (resiquimod (R-848), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), and lipoteichoic acid (LTA)) causes a strong attraction of immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, or granulocytes) to the tumor.