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. 2019 Apr 30;17(5):258. doi: 10.3390/md17050258

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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VEGF secretion in ARPE19 cells after incubation with different concentrations of fucoidan. (a) Saccharina latissima (SL), (b) Laminaria digitata (LD), c) Fucus serratus (FS), (d) Fucus vesiculosus (FV), (e) Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens (FE). VEGF content was evaluated by ELISA and normalized to cell viability. Control = 1. In ARPE19 cells, all fucoidans reduced VEGF content with the efficacy of LD > FS > FE > FV > SL. Significance was evaluated with Friedman’s ANOVA and subsequent Student’s t-test, ++ p < 0.01, +++ p < 0.001 compared to the control (n = 6–8).