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. 2019 Jun 6;7:425. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00425

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Copyright © 2019 Qiang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Temperature dependent (303–548 K) normalized UC emission spectra of the (A) 0 mol% Mn; (E) 5 mol% Mn doped NaGdF₄: Yb/Er samples in the wavelength range of 500–590 nm; (B,F) Monolog plots of FIR as a function of inverse absolute temperature; (C,G) The FIR of NaGdF₄: Yb/Er and NaGdF₄: Yb/Er/5 Mn phosphors as a function of temperature based on ²H_11/2/⁴S_3/2 levels; (D,H) The relative sensitivity (SR) vs. absolute temperature.