Table 2.
Reported results of mindfulness intervention, for parenting stress.
| Study | Parenting stress measure# | Within group results | Between group results | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-post | Pre-follow up∧ | Pre-post | Pre-follow up∧ | ||
| Bazzano et al. (2015) | PSS | NRa (+) | NRa (+) | – | – |
| Bögels et al. (2014) | PSI, Competence scale | d = 0.44 (+) | d = 0.47 (+) | – | – |
| Chaplin et al. (2018) | SIPA subscales: | ||||
| Parent Life Restrictions | – | – | d = 0.53 (+) | – | |
| Parent Incompetence/Guilt | – | – | d = −0.14 | – | |
| Relationship with Partner | – | – | d = 0.59 (+) | – | |
| Corthorn (2018) | PSI–SF | – | – | NR (+) | d = 0.66 (+) |
| De Bruin et al. (2015) | PSI | d = 0.21 (+) | d = −0.01 | – | – |
| Eames et al. (2015) | PSI–SF | g = 0.81b | – | – | – |
| Ferraioli and Harris (2013) | PSI–SF | d = 2.03 (+) | d = 1.01 | d = 1.59 (+) | d = 0.63 |
| Haydicky et al. (2015) | SIPA | NR | d = 0.81 (+) | – | – |
| Jones et al. (2018) | QRS-PFP | d = −0.12 | – | – | – |
| Lo et al. (2017a) | PSI-SF | – | – | d = 0.34 (+) | – |
| Lo et al. (2017b) | PSI-SF | – | – | d = 0.19 (+) | – |
| HRV Low frequencyc | – | – | d = 0.00 | – | |
| Maloney and Altmaier (2007) | PSI-SF | d = 0.26 | – | – | – |
| Mann et al. (2016) | PSI-SF | – | – | d = 0.40 (4 mo.) | d = 0.40 (9 mo.) |
| Neece (2014) | PSI-SF, Parental Distress scale | d = 0.70 (+)d | – | d = 0.70 (+) | – |
| Potharst et al. (2017) | PSI, modified version | d = 0.25 |
d = 0.44 (+); d = 0.53 (+) (1 yr.) |
– | – |
| Potharst et al. (2018) | OBVL | d = 0.37 (+) | d = 0.67 (+) | – | – |
| Ridderinkhof et al. (2017) | PSI, Competence scale | d = 0.21 (+) |
d = 0.39 (+); d = 0.28 (+) (1 yr.) |
– | – |
| Short et al. (2017) | PSI-SF | d = 0.04 | – | – | – |
| van de Weijer-Bergsma et al. (2012) | PSI–SF | d = −0.50M; d = 0.70F (+) |
d = −0.20M; d = 1.1F (+) |
– | – |
| van der Oord et al. (2012) | PSI-SF | NR (ns) | d = 0.57 (+) | – | – |
| Voos (2017) | PSI | NR | d = 0.94 (+) | – | – |
| Zhang et al. (2017) | PSI-SF | d = −0.18 (+) | – | – | – |
= all parenting stress effects are based upon the reports of the parent/s who attended the intervention, and therefore combine mother and father reports, except in the case of van de Weijer-Bergsma et al. (2012) which reports mother and father results separately; ∧ = 8 week follow up, unless otherwise indicated; (+) indicates effect size is significant (as reported by the relevant study author/s), p < .05. For within-group results, effect size is reported as a positive number if there was improvement in the outcome, and as a negative number if there was a deterioration. For between-group results, effect size is reported as a positive number if the outcome improved more in the mindfulness group than the control group; NR = not reported; ns = not significant; a = d not reported, but % change reported as significant; b g = Hedges' glass; c = only low frequency heart rate variability (HRV) is included, as the effect for high frequency HRV was reported only as non-significant; d = the within-group parenting stress effect is reported in Xu (2017); M = mother; F = father; PSS = Parental Stress Scale (Berry and Jones, 1995); PSI = Parenting Stress Index (Abidin, 1983); PSI-SF = Parenting Stress Index, Short Form (Abidin, 1995); SIPA = Stress Index for Parents of Adolescents (Sheras et al., 1998); QRS-PFP = Questionnaire on Resources and Stress Short Form – Parent and Family Problems subscale (Friedrich et al., 1983); OBVL = Opvoedingsbelastingvragenlijst, Veerman et al. (2014), a Dutch parenting stress questionnaire.