Table 2.
Cumulative TTX testing results for shellfish produced and harvested in the EU, which have not been assessed in the EFSA TTX opinion [16], reported by different countries using LC-MS/MS analysis.
| Country | Year(s) of Sampling | Shellfish Species | Samples Tested (n) 1 | TTX-Positive Samples (n) 2 | Maximum TTXs Concentration (μg/kg) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | 2017 | Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) | 2 | 1 | 541 | [47] |
| Wedge clams (Donax trunculus) | 1 | 0 | n.d. 3 | |||
| 2018 | Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) | n.r. 4 | 2 | 216 | [48] | |
| 2015–2017 | Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) | 23 | 14 | 6.4 | [46] | |
| Clams (Venerupis decussata) | 2 | 0 | n.d. | |||
| Netherlands | 2015–October 2018 | Mussels (Mytilus edulis) | 1085 | 38 | 101 | [29,49] |
| Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) | 246 | 52 | 253 | |||
| Razor clams (Ensis spp.) | 113 | 0 | n.d. | |||
| Cockles (Cerastoderma edule) | 91 | 0 | n.d. | |||
| Spain | 2017 | Mussels 5 | 258 | 0 | n.d. | [50] |
| Oysters 5 | 28 6 | 1 | 0.9 | |||
| Cockles 5 | 1 | 2.3 | ||||
| 2018 | Mussels, Oysters, Cockles 5 | 72 6 | 0 | n.d. | [51] | |
| France | 2018 | Mussels 5 | 108 | 0 | n.d. | [52] |
| Oysters 5 | 24 | 0 | n.d. | |||
| Ireland | 2012–2016 | 14 shellfish species, including gastropods and grazers 5 | 508 6 | 0 7 | n.d. | [53,54,55,56] |
| UK | 2014–2016 | Mussels (Mytilus edulis) | 1222 6 | 57 8 | 73 | [22] |
| Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) | 253 | |||||
| Native oysters (Ostrea edulis) | ~ 80 | |||||
| Cockles (Cerastoderma edule) | n.d. | |||||
| Hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) | 72 | |||||
| Surf clams (Spisula solida) | n.d. | |||||
| King scallops (whole) (Pecten maximus) | n.d. | |||||
| King scallops (adductor & roe) (Pecten maximus) | n.d. |
1 n = number of samples; 2 TTX-positive = above method Limit of Detection (LOD), unless otherwise indicated; 3 n.d. = not detected; 4 n.r. = not reported; 5 Individual numbers of samples by species not reported; 6 Species scientific name(s) not reported; 7 TTX-positive = above method Limit of Quantification (LOQ) = 40 μg/kg; 8 TTX-positive = above method Limit of Reporting (LOR) = 2 μg/kg.