Table 1.
Marine bacteria and their therapeutic chemical constituents.
| Bacterial Species | Chemical(s) | Immunomodulatory Activity | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aplidium albicus | Cyclic depsipeptide | In vivo activity in the plasmocytoma murine model of xenograft. Applidine exhibits antimyeloma activity in vivo. | [30] |
| Nocardiopsis sp. K-252, Nonomuraea longicatena | Lestaurtinib (Alkaloid) | Potent PKC and calmodulin inhibitor. Prevents myelin oligoglycoprotein induced encephalomyelitis in vivo. | [31] |
| Bryozoa neritina | Bryostatin polyketide | Exhibits antitumor activity against malignant melanoma. IL-6 and TNF-α levels rise in patients within 24 hours of the treatment. | [32,33] |
| Micrococcus luteus | Anti-Micrococcus luteus antibodies | Immunosuppressive potential through the expansion of immunoregulatory T cell subsets. | [34] |
| Trididemnum solidum | Didemnin B (Depsipeptides) | Exhibits strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity. The expression of iNOS and NF-κB was inhibited in vitro. | [35,36] |
| Bacillus licheniformis | EPS 1-T14 | Stimulates Th1 cell-mediated immunity. | [23,24] |
| Thermus aquaticus | EPS TA-1 | Encourages the TLR2-dependent release of TNF-α and IL-6 in murine macrophages. | [24] |
| Serratia marcescens, Vibrio psychroerythrus, Pseudoalteromonas denitrificans & Zooshikella rubidus | Prodigiosin & Cycloprodigisin |
Anti-inflammatory. Inhibits the activation of TNF-α induced NF-κB. | [27,28,37] |
| Bacillus sp. HC001, Piscicoccus sp. 12L081 | Diketopiperazines | Anti-inflammatory. Downregulates the release of TNF-α and IL-6 and suppress NF-κB expression. | [22] |
| Salinispora arenicola | Arenamides (Cyclic depsipeptide) |
Blocks TNF-α in RAW 264.7 and human embryonic kidney cells. | [38,39] |
| Streptomyces sp. SCRC-A20 | Aburatubolactams | Antioxidant. Inhibits TPA-induced superoxide anion generation in human neutrophils. | [40] |
| Streptomyces sp. CNB-982 | Cyclomarins (Heptapeptides) | Anti-inflammatory. Inhibits oedema and pain in vivo. | [41] |
| Streptomyces sp. | Salinamides (Peptides) | Anti-inflammatory on phorbol ester-induced oedema mouse. | [42] |
| Streptomyces strain CNQ43 | Splenocin B | Anti-inflammatory. Potent inhibitors of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-α. | [43] |
EPS, exopolysaccharide; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IL, interleukin; NF-κB nuclear factor-κB; PKC, protein kinase C; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; TLR, toll-like receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.