Table 5.
Marine fungi and their therapeutic chemical constituents.
| Marine Fungi | Chemical(s) | Immunomodulatory Activity | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neocosmospora vasinfecta | cyclosporine | Calcineurine complex inhibition with cyclophilines. | [183] |
| Streptomyces hygroscopicus | Sirolimus macrocyclic lactone | Inhibits IL-2R signal transduction and other cytokine signals. | [127,128] |
| CTD-13C | Semivioxanthin | Regulates expression of TNF-α, CD80, CD86 and MHC II in RAW 264.7 cells. | [163] |
| Penicillium sp. | Brevicompanine E | Reduces the production of proinflammatory cytokines induced by LPS. | [164] |
| Toxicocladosporium sp. SF-5699. | Citreohybridonol | Suppresses neuroinflammatory enzymes and cytokines associated with NF-кB and MAPK in BV2 cells stimulated by LPS. | [184] |
| Aspergillus insulicola | Azonazine (Dipeptide) | Inhibits the production of NF-κB luciferase and nitrite. | [165] |
| Aspergillus sp. SF-5921 | Aurantiamide acetate | Exhibits NF-κB, JNK, and p38 inhibition in BV2 microglia cells. | [185] |
| Ascomycota sp. CYSK-4 | Isocoumarins | Inhibits the production of NO in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells | [166] |
| Xylaria sp. 2508 | Xyloketal | Exhibits neuroprotective effect on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury both in vivo and in vitro. | [186] |
| Eurotium amstelodami | Questinol (Anthraquinone) | Inhibits NO and PGE2 production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. | [167] |
| Eurotium sp. SF-5989 | Neoechinulins A and B (Diketopiperazine) | PGE2 and NO generation as well as iNOS and COX2 expression are downregulated. Diminishes IL-1 and TNF-α secretion. | [187] |
| Chaetomium globosum | Chaetoglobosin Fex | Suppresses LPS-stimulated IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and TNF-α in peritoneal macrophages and mouse macrophage cells. | [188] |
| Penicillium paxilli Ma(G)K | Pyrenocine A | Inhibits gene expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages due to NF-κB-mediated signal transduction. | [189] |
|
Ecklonia
stolonifera |
Phlorofucofuroeckol (Phlorotannin) | Inhibits NO and PGE2 production by the suppressing iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. | [190] |
CD, cluster of differentiation; COX, cyclooxygenase; IL, interleukin; JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LKB4; leukotriene B4; MAPK; mitogen-activated protein kinase; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; NF-kB, nuclear factor-κB; NO, nitric oxide; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; PLA2, phospholipase A2; TLR, toll-like receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.