Table 10.
Association between flavonoid intake and risk of breast, lung, and prostate cancers.
| Authors | Methods | Results |
|---|---|---|
| Breast | ||
| Itziar Gardeazabal et al. (2018) [97] | Prospective Cohort Study 10,713 Spanish Women Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) Phenol-Explorer database HPLC |
There was not a statistically significant association between total flavonoids and breast cancer risk. However, in postmenopausal women, the data indicate an inverse association between breast risk cancer and total polyphenol intake (HR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.13–0.77) |
| Oh, J.K et al. (2015) [93] | Prospective Cohort Study 42,099 Swedish Women 30–49 years FFQ |
Data showed that compared with no consumption, women who consumed >1 cup tea/day had an increased breast cancer risk (Relative Risk (RR): 1.19, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.00–1.42), but women with a high intake of coffee (3–4 cups/day) had a decreased breast cancer risk (RR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76–1.00). |
| Raul Zamora-Ros et al. (2013) [91] | Prospective Cohort Study 334,850 women, 35–70 years 11.5 years follow up FFQ Phenol-Explorer database |
There was no statistically significant association between total flavonoid (Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.97, 95% CI: 0.90–1.07) and isoflavone (HR 1, 95%CI: 0.91–1.10) intake and breast cancer risk. |
| Wang et al. (2011) [95] | Case-Control Study. 400 cases and 400 controls. Daily intake of soy isoflavones data Gene sequencing |
They suggested a protective role of high soy isoflavone intake against breast cancer risk based on the relation of oestrogen metabolites, breast cancer, and isoflavone metabolism. |
| Boggs et al. (2010) [92] | Prospective Cohort Study 52,062 women, 21–69 years 12 years follow up FFQ |
Data showed that the intake of coffee (Internal Rate of Return (IRR): 1.03, 95% CI: 0.77–1.39) or tea (IRR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.78–1.63) was not associated with risk of breast cancer in participants. |
| Luo JF et al. (2010) [94] | Case-Control Study 353 cases, 701 controls, 40–70 years FFQ Liquid chromatography |
There was an inverse association between breast cancer risk and urinary excretion of epicatechin (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.59, 95% CI: 0.39–0.88). |
| Lung | ||
| Christensen KY et al. (2012) [99] | Case-Control Study 1061 cases and 1425 controls FFQ |
A low intake of flavonoids was related to an increased risk of lung cancer. OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.47–0.85. |
| Cutler et al. (2008) [14] | Prospective Cohort Study USDA database FFQ |
There was an inverse association between isoflavone intake and cancer incidence (HR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.86–1.00) and an inverse association between proanthocyanidin (HR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57–0.97) and flavanone (HR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53–0.86) intake with lung cancer incidence. |
| Prostate | ||
| Giulio Reale et al. (2018) [100] | Case-Control study 118 cases and 222 controls FFQ Prostate Specific Antigen |
High intake of some subclasses of flavonoids (catechin (OR: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.04–0.36) and flavonol (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.06–0.56) significantly reduces the risk of prostate cancer. |