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. 2019 May 27;8(5):148. doi: 10.3390/antiox8050148

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Scheme 1 — Regulation of the pool size of 9-cis βC. Red photon flux intensity controls the partitioning of electrons either for carotenoid biosynthesis or for photosynthesis, via energy absorption by chlorophyll and the PQ pool [1]. Red photon flux also controls phytochrome regulation of the production of gene transcripts for phytoene synthase and β-carotene isomerases. CHL A: chlorophyll a; P680: chlorophyll a, primary electron donor of Photosystem II; PQ_ox: plastoquinone, oxidised form; PQ_red: plastoquinone, reduced form; Cyt b_6ox: cytochrome b6f complex, oxidised form; NADP⁺: NADP oxidised form; NADPH: NADP reduced form; PSY: phytoene synthase; 9-cis-βC-ISO: 9-cis βC isomerase.