Table 1.
Homeobox genes suppress hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression.
| Homeobox Gene | Experiment Model | Function in HCC | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| aristaless-like homeobox 4 (ALX4) | cell lines: Huh7, HepG2, and HCCLM3 | Overexpression of ALX4 inhibits the proliferation, invasion, and EMT. | [31] |
| BARX homeobox 1 (BARX1) | cell lines: HepG2, Huh7, Hep3B, SMMC7721, MHCC97L, MHCC97H, HCCLM3, and HCCLM6 mouse model HCC tissues |
1. Low expression of BARX1 correlates with poor prognosis. | [32] |
| 2. BARX1 suppresses invasion and metastasis by inhibiting MGAT5 and MMP9 transcription. | |||
| BARX homeobox 2 (BARX2) | HCC tissues | Low expression of BARX2 is correlated with tumor metastasis. | [33] |
| caudal-type homeobox 1 (CDX1) | HCC tissues | Low expression of CDX1 is associated with poor prognosis. | [34] |
| growth arrest-specific homeobox (Gax) | cell lines: HepG2, Huh7, and HCCLM3 HCC tissues |
Gax expression inhibits NF-kappa B signal, and its expression negatively regulated by miR-301a. | [35] |
| hematopoietically expressed homeobox protein (Hhex) | cell line: Hepa1-6 mouse model HCC tissues |
1. Overexpression of Hhex resulted in decreases expression of c-Jun and Bcl2, and increases expression of P53 and Rb. | [36] |
| 2. Hhex expression attenuates tumorigenicity in nude mice. | |||
| homeobox D10 (HOXD10) | cell lines: MHCC97H, MHCC97L, and HepG2 | HOXD10 is downregulated by miR-224 repression that causes cell migration and invasion. | [37] |
| NK2 homeobox 8 (NKX2.8) | cell lines: PLC and Hep3B HCC tissues |
NKX2.8 expression is downregulated in HCC, and low NKX2.8 expression is negatively correlated with poor survival in patients. | [38] |
| NK3 homeobox 1 (NKX3.1) | cell lines: SMMC-7721, Li7, Huh7, HCCLM3 MHCC-97L, HCCLY10, PLC5, and SK-Hep1 mouse model HCC tissues |
NKX3.1 suppresses tumor proliferation and invasion by up-regulating Foxo1 expression. | [39] |
| paired related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) | cell lines: Huh7, Hep3B, HepG2, SMMC7721, and PLC5 HCC tissues |
1. Hepatic cancer-stem cell properties are disrupted by PRRX1 overexpression. | [40,41] |
| 2. PRRX1 overexpression induces HCC apoptosis via the p53-signaling. |
EMT—epithelial to mesenchymal transition.