. 2019 May 23;8(5):497. doi: 10.3390/cells8050497

Table 1.

Impact of IF genes on tumor growth and metastasis of mouse models. List of recent studies using transgenic or xenograft mouse models to implicate select keratins, vimentin, and nestin on growth or inhibition of tumors. Information about the mouse model, method of gene expression alteration, effect on tumor, and reference are shown. For transgenic mouse models, relevant tumor types along with promoters and transgenes or transposons used to drive tumor growth are shown. For xenograft models, relevant tumor types along with cell lines injected for tumor formation are shown. Outcomes upon IF gene alterations show changes in tumor growth and metastasis as results of IF gene mutations or expression or introduction of a blocking antibody. Each outcome was compared to that of the control setting, where IF protein remained intact.

IF Protein	Mouse Model	IF Gene Alteration	Outcome upon IF Gene Alteration	Ref.
K10	Transgenic-Skin carcinoma	overexpression of K10	Decreased tumor growth	[54]
K10	bovineK5-hK10 injected	overexpression of K10	Decreased tumor growth	[54]
K14	Xenograft-Breast carcinoma	K14 shRNA	Decreased metastasis	[55]
K14	MMTV-PyMT tumor cells injected	K14 shRNA	Decreased metastasis	[55]
K17	Transgenic-Skin carcinoma	Krt17 ^−/−	Decreased tumor growth	[50]
K17	K5-Gli2tg	Krt17 ^−/−	Decreased tumor growth	[50]
K17	Transgenic-Skin carcinoma	Krt17 ^−/−	Decreased tumor growth	[51]
K17	K14-HPV16tg	Krt17 ^−/−	Decreased tumor growth	[51]
K17	Xenograft-Ewing Sarcoma	K17 shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[52]
K17	A673 and SK-N-MC cell lines injected	K17 shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[52]
K17	Xenograft-Cervical carcinoma	K17 shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[53]
K17	SiHa and CaSki cell lines injected	K17 shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[53]
K19	Xenograft-Breast carcinoma	K19 antibody injected to block K19	Decreased tumor growth	[56]
K19	KPL-4 cell line injected	K19 antibody injected to block K19	Decreased tumor growth	[56]
K19	Xenograft-Breast carcinoma	K19 shRNA	Increased tumor growth	[57]
K19	SKBR3 cell line injected	K19 shRNA	Increased tumor growth	[57]
K8	Xenograft-Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma	overexpression of KRT8 WT, S73A or S431A	K8 S73A and S431A increased tumor growth compared to WT	[58]
K8	AW13516 cell line injected	overexpression of KRT8 WT, S73A or S431A	K8 S73A and S431A increased tumor growth compared to WT	[58]
Vimentin	Transgenic-Lung adenocarcinoma	Vim ^−/−	Decreased metastasis	[59]
Vimentin	LSL-Kras^G12D/Lkb1^fl/fl	Vim ^−/−	Decreased metastasis	[59]
Vimentin	Xenograft-Teratocarcinoma	Vim ^−/−	No change	[60]
Vimentin	Embryonic stem cells injected	Vim ^−/−	No change	[60]
Vimentin	Xenograft-MCK–KR–hIGF-IR	Vimentin shRNA	Decreased metastasis	[61]
Vimentin	MVT-1 cell line injected	Vimentin shRNA	Decreased metastasis	[61]
Vimentin	Xenograft-Leiomyosarcoma	overexpression of VIM S39A or S29D	Vim S39D increased tumor growth and metastasis	[62]
Vimentin	SKLMS1 cell line injected	overexpression of VIM S39A or S29D	Vim S39D increased tumor growth and metastasis	[62]
Nestin	Xenograft-Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	Nestin shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[63]
Nestin	5-8F cell line injected	Nestin shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[63]
Nestin	Xenograft-Hepatocellular carcinoma	Nestin shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[64]
Nestin	Huh7 cell line injected	Nestin shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[64]
Nestin	Transgenic-Hepatocellular carcinoma	Nestin shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[64]
Nestin	Transposons encoding YAP and p53 shRNA injected	Nestin shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[64]
Nestin	Xenograft-Glioblastoma	Nestin shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[65]
Nestin	A172 cell line injected	Nestin shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[65]
Nestin	Xenograft-Pancreatic carcinoma	Nestin shRNA	Decreased metastasis	[66]
Nestin	PANC cell line injected	Nestin shRNA	Decreased metastasis	[66]
Nestin	Xenograft-Pancreatic carcinoma	Nestin shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[67]
Nestin	KLM-1 cell line injected	Nestin shRNA	Decreased tumor growth	[67]