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. 2019 May 11;11(5):653. doi: 10.3390/cancers11050653

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effect of metformin on stem cell and EMT gene expression. (a) On the top, qRT-PCR of EMT transcription factor genes in Ishikawa cells treated with metformin. Underneath, qRT-PCR of the same genes in Hec-1a cells treated with metformin (n = 3). (b) On the top, qRT-PCR of genes associated with pluripotency and self-renewal in Ishikawa cells treated with metformin. Underneath, qRT-PCR of the same genes in Hec-1a cells treated with metformin (n = 3). (c) On the top, qRT-PCR of genes within the Wnt and Hippo signalling pathways in Ishikawa cells treated with metformin. Underneath, qRT-PCR of the same genes in Hec-1a cells treated with metformin (n = 3). Data are represented as the mean ± SEM. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001.