Figure 10.

PtNPs aberrantly upregulate DNA damage and repair genes. THP-1 cells were treated with various concentrations of PtNPs (25–150 µg/mL) for 24 h. mRNA expression of DNA damage-related genes was analyzed using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in THP-1 cells treated for 24 h. After 24 h of treatment, fold change in expression was determined with respect to GAPDH level. Results are expressed as mean fold changes ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. There was a significant difference between treated cells and untreated cells per Student’s t-test (* p < 0.05).