Figure 1.

Synergistic activation of the Nrf2 pathway by the components in PB125. Synergy between the components of PB125 was observed measuring the relative light units (RLU) of chemiluminescence observed with added luciferin after ARE-driven luciferase gene expression was induced by treatment with range of concentrations of PB125 in the HepG2 (human liver) cancer cell line stably transfected with an ARE-driven luciferase gene as a promoter-reporter construct [84]. The individual contributions of the rosemary (R), ashwagandha (A), and luteolin (L) at the same concentration as in the 15:5:2 by mass combination of the same ingredients did not add (stacked bars) to as high of an RLU reading (Nrf2-dependent expression of the luciferase gene) as when cells were treated with the same amounts combined (p < 0.001).