Table 1.
Patient characteristics of HF patients at inclusion according to diabetes
| Variable | No diabetes | Prevalent diabetes | New-onset diabetes | Total | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of individuals | 75,142 | 21,216 | 8164 | 104,522 | |
| Age (median with IQR) | 77.0 (18.0, 109.0) | 74.0 (22.0, 103.0) | 70.0 (18.0, 100.0) | 76.0 (18.0, 109.0) | < 1e−04 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Sex | 40,733 (54.2) | 12,726 (60.0) | 5056 (61.9) | 58,515 (56.0) | < 1e−04 |
| IHD | 40,621 (54.1) | 14,071 (66.3) | 5272 (64.6) | 59,964 (57.4) | < 1e−04 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 36,133 (48.1) | 9848 (46.4) | 4634 (56.8) | 50,615 (48.4) | < 1e−04 |
| Cancer* | 18,323 (24.4) | 4850 (22.9) | 2021 (24.8) | 25,194 (24.1) | < 1e−04 |
| COPD | 20,575 (27.4) | 6532 (30.8) | 2834 (34.7) | 29,941 (28.6) | < 1e−04 |
| Hypertension | 37,862 (50.4) | 15,499 (73.1) | 5497 (67.3) | 58,858 (56.3) | < 1e−04 |
| CKD | 11,521 (15.3) | 6193 (29.2) | 1886 (23.1) | 19,600 (18.8) | < 1e−04 |
| Pharmacotherapy | |||||
| Statin | 27,578 (36.7) | 13,242 (62.4) | 4967 (60.8) | 45,787 (43.8) | < 1e−04 |
| ACE/ARB | 47,434 (63.1) | 16,246 (76.6) | 5497 (67.3) | 69,177 (66.2) | < 1e−04 |
| Beta blockers | 44,446 (59.1) | 13,437 (63.3) | 5522 (67.6) | 63,405 (60.7) | < 1e−04 |
| Digoxin | 17,873 (23.8) | 4687 (22.1) | 2731 (33.5) | 25,291 (24.2) | < 1e−04 |
| ADP | 44,409 (59.1) | 14,943 (70.4) | 4834 (59.2) | 64,186 (61.4) | < 1e−04 |
| Loop diuretics | 53,114 (70.7) | 16,764 (79.0) | 5763 (70.6) | 75,641 (72.4) | < 1e−04 |
| MRA | 17,211 (22.9) | 5991 (28.2) | 2635 (32.3) | 25,837 (24.7) | < 1e−04 |
| Thiazide | 15,222 (20.3) | 4316 (20.3) | 989 (12.1) | 20,527 (19.6) | < 1e−04 |
| Ca channel blockers | 17,478 (23.3) | 7403 (34.9) | 1843 (22.6) | 26,724 (25.6) | < 1e−04 |
| Insulin | 6999 (33.0) | 825 (10.1) | 7824 (7.5) | < 1e−04 | |
| Metformin | 9340 (44.0) | 4425 (54.2) | 13,765 (13.2) | < 1e−04 | |
| Sulfonylurea | 6859 (32.3) | 1239 (15.2) | 8098 (7.7) | < 1e−04 | |
| Thiazolidinedione | 82 (0.4) | 5 (0.1) | 87 (0.1) | < 1e−04 | |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 574 (2.7) | 264 (3.2) | 838 (0.8) | < 1e−04 | |
| GLP-1 receptor agnoists | 1 (0.0) | 28 (0.3) | 29 (0.0) | < 1e−04 | |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 1 (0.0) | 8 (0.1) | 9 (0.0) | < 1e−04 | |
| Newer antidiabetic drugs: DPP-4, GLP-1 and SGLT2 combined | 576 (0.5) | 294 (0.3) | 870 (0.8) | < 1e−04 | |
| Combination of two antidiabetic drugs | 427 (2.0) | 78 (1.0) | 505 (0.5) | < 1e−04 | |
DM diabetes mellitus, IQR interquartile range, IHD ischemic heart disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, ACE angiotensin inhibitor medication, ARB angiotensin II receptor blockers, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1, SGLT2 sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2
* All cancers, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers