Table 2.

Measures used in the study.

Perceived autonomy support (from a physician)	The short six-item form of Health Care Climate Questionnaire (HCCQ, n.d.) (range: 1 = fully disagree, 5 = fully agree; Cronbach’s alpha reliability α = .95). Example item: I feel that my physician has provided me choices and options (http://www.selfdeterminationtheory.org/).
Autonomous motivation	Autonomous Regulation Scale B. Five items from the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ, n.d.) (range: 1 = not at all true, 7 = very true; α = .83). Example item: The reason I follow my diet and exercise regularly is that I personally believe that these are important in remaining healthy (http://www.selfdeterminationtheory.org/).
Self-care competence	The four-item Perceived Competence for Diabetes Scale (PCS, n.d.) (range: 1 = fully disagree, 5 = fully agree; α = .93). Example item: I feel confident in my ability to manage my diabetes (http://www.selfdeterminationtheory.org/).
Energy	The four-item scale measuring energy during the last 4 weeks from the RAND-36-Item Survey, 1.0 (range = 0%–100%, α = .85). Example item: How much of the time during the past 4 weeks did you have a lot of energy? (Hays et al., 1993).
Emotional well-being	The five-item RAND-36 scale measuring emotional well-being during the last 4 weeks (range = 0%–100%; α = .84). Example item: How much of the time during the past 4 weeks have you felt so down in the dumps that nothing could cheer you up? (Hays et al., 1993).
Sense of coherence	The short 13-item scale (range: 1 = weak, 7 = strong; α = .80, five items reversed). Example item: Do you have feeling that you don’t really care about what goes on around you? (1 = very often, 7 = very seldom or never) (Antonovsky, 1987).
Depression	Has a doctor ever said that you have or have had depression? 1 = no, 2 = yes
Life stress	Experienced stress during the last year (12 months) in the 10 life areas, for example, own health and economic situation (range: 1 = not at all, 4 = very much). Based on the Living with Diabetes Study, School of Population Health, and University of Queensland (Donald et al., 2012).
Social support in diabetes	A 12-item scale measuring support and help received from friends, relatives, and health-care personnel (range: 1 = fully disagree, 5 = fully agree; α = .75). Example item: When I feel bored, depressed, or desperate, my friends and family are ready to listen to me. (Toljamo, 1999). The scale is based on social support scales by Brandt and Weinert (1981), Goodenow et al. (1990), Norbeck et al. (1981, 1983), Stewart and Tilden (1995), and Weinert (1987).
Perceived health	A single-item scale (range: 1 = very good, 5 = poor). The scale was dichotomized: 1 = good (1–3), 2 = poor (4–5).
Complications	At least 1 of the 12 diabetes-related complications (e.g. kidney disease or neuropathy) mentioned (1 = yes, 2 = no). The list of the complications was based on the Living with Diabetes Study, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, and Finnish Diabetes Association (2017) (Donald et al., 2012; http://www.diabetes.fi/).
Fruits, vegetables, and berries intake	How often during the last week (7 days) have you eaten (a) fresh vegetables or roots, (b) cooked vegetables or roots, (c) fruits, and (d) berries (range: 1 = not even once, 6 = 2 or more times a day? (Haapola et al., 2009)).