Table 2. Primary Outcomes: Intervention vs Control Group.

Characteristic	Intervention			Control			Intervention Effect (Adjusted)
	Value, Mean (SD)	Δ (95% CI)a	P Valuea	Value, Mean (SD)	Δ (95% CI)a	P Valuea	DiD (95% CI)	P Value
Asthma Control Test score
Baseline	14.8 (3.9)			14.3 (4.0)
3 mo	16.2 (4.4)	1.4 (0.8 to 2.0)	<.001	14.6 (4.8)	0.4 (−0.5 to 1.2)	.58	1.2 (0.2 to 2.2)	.02
6 mo	16.2 (4.4)	1.4 (0.8 to 2.1)	<.001	14.6 (4.9)	0.4 (−0.5 to 1.2)	.37	1.0 (0.0 to 2.1)	.049
12 mo	17.1 (4.7)	2.2 (1.5 to 2.9)	<.001	16.1 (4.3)	1.5 (0.5 to 2.6)	<.001	0.6 (−0.5 to 1.8)	.28
Overall effectb							χ24 = 13.4	.01
Mini Asthma Quality of Life score
Baseline	4.3 (1.2)			4.3 (1.1)
3 mo	4.7 (1.2)	0.4 (0.2 to 0.5)	<.001	4.3 (1.3)	0.0 (−0.2 to 0.2)	.91	0.4 (0.1 to 0.6)	.007
6 mo	4.7 (1.3)	0.3 (0.1 to 0.5)	<.001	4.3 (1.3)	−0.1 (−0.3 to 0.2)	.62	0.4 (0.1 to 0.7)	.02
12 mo	4.8 (1.3)	0.5 (0.3 to 0.7)	<.001	4.6 (1.3)	0.3 (0.0 to 0.5)	.03	0.2 (−0.1 to 0.5)	.20
Overall effectb							χ24 = 10.5	.03
Medication Adherence Rating scale score
Baseline	3.6 (0.7)			3.8 (0.7)
3 mo	3.9 (0.6)	0.3 (0.2 to 0.4)	<.001	3.8 (0.7)	0.1 (0.0 to 0.3)	.50	0.2 (0.1 to 0.4)	.01
6 mo	3.9 (0.7)	0.3 (0.2 to 0.4)	<.001	3.8 (0.8)	0.0 (−0.1 to 0.2)	.69	0.2 (0.0 to 0.4)	.02
12 mo	3.9 (0.7)	0.3 (0.1 to 0.4)	<.001	3.8 (0.7)	0.1 (−0.1 to 0.2)	.70	0.3 (0.1 to 0.5)	.01
Overall effectb							χ24 = 9.5	.049
MDI technique, % correctly completed steps, median (range)
Baseline	56 (0 to 100)			64 (9 to 100)
12 mo	75 (0 to 100)	6 (−14 to 6)	.45	58 (0 to 100)	−16 (−1 to −31)	.04	15 (7 to 22)	.004
Patients with ≥1 emergency department visit, %
Baseline	10.5			9.7
12 mo	6.2	0.9 (0.7 to 1.0)c	.02	12.7	1.1 (0.9 to 1.3)c	.33	0.8 (0.6 to 0.99)c	.03

Abbreviations: DiD, difference-in-differences; MDI, metered-dose inhaler.

^aChange within study arm relative to baseline.

^bEffect over all time points.

^cOdds ratio.