Table 1.

Age-related changes in risk factors for chronic disease and the adaptive responses to aerobic exercise training and resistance exercise training.

Adaptations	Aging	AET	RET
Whole-body adaptations
Muscle strength	↓	↔ (Grgic et al., 2018)	↑↑ (Cadore et al., 2013)
Muscle mass	↓	↔ (Grgic et al., 2018)	↑↑ (Peterson et al., 2011)
Bone mineral density	↓	↔ (Villareal et al., 2017)	↑ (Villareal et al., 2017)
VO2peak	↓	↑↑ (Bienso et al., 2015)	↑ (Bienso et al., 2015)
Physical function	↓	↑ (Jadczak et al., 2018)	↑ (Jadczak et al., 2018)
Type II diabetes
Risk	↑	↓ (Knowler et al., 2002)	↓ (Grontved et al., 2012)
Glycemic control	↓	↑ (Bienso et al., 2015)	↑ (Bienso et al., 2015)
Insulin signaling	↓	↑ (Bienso et al., 2015)	↑ (Bienso et al., 2015)
Oxidative capacity	↓	↑ (Jubrias et al., 2001)	↑ (Jubrias et al., 2001)
Cardiovascular disease
Risk	↑	↓ (Tanasescu et al., 2002)	↓ (Tanasescu et al., 2002)
Blood pressure	↑	↔ (Cornelissen and Smart, 2013)	↓ (Cornelissen and Smart, 2013)
Blood lipids
High-density lipoprotein	↓	↑ (Yang et al., 2014)	↑ (Yang et al., 2014)
Low-density lipoprotein	↑	↓ (Yang et al., 2014)	↓ (Yang et al., 2014)
Cholesterol	↑	↓ (Yang et al., 2014)	↓ (Yang et al., 2014)
Triglycerides	↑	↓ (Yang et al., 2014)	↓ (Yang et al., 2014)
Cancer
Incident Risk	↑	↓ (Keum et al., 2016)	↓ (Keum et al., 2016)
Risk of recurrence	↑	↓ (Dieli-Conwright et al., 2018)	↓ (Dieli-Conwright et al., 2018)
Quality of life	N/A	↑ (Segal et al., 2009)	↑↑ (Segal et al., 2009)
Therapy completion rate	N/A	↔ (Courneya et al., 2007)	↑ (Courneya et al., 2007)
Immune function	↓	↑ (McTiernan, 2008)	↑ (Hagstrom et al., 2016)
Inflammation	↑	↓ (McTiernan, 2008)	↓ (Strasser et al., 2012)

↑ Indicates an increasing effect on the parameter, ↓ indicates a decreasing effect on the parameter, and ↔ indicates no effect on the parameter. The number of arrows denotes the magnitude of effect. Abbreviations: N/A, not available.