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. 2019 Jun 6;10:748. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00748

Table 1.

Characteristics of the photosynthetic apparatus.

Treatment Species Time (h) F0 Fm ϕD0 ϕP0 ΨE0 ϕE0 δR0 ϕR0
Control A. arenosa 0 5650 ± 160ab 30500 ± 370b 0.18 ± 0.00ab 0.82 ± 0.00ab 0.47 ± 0.01ab 0.38 ± 0.01ab 0.32 ± 0.02a 0.12 ± 0.01a
24 6470 ± 430a 32900 ± 650ab 0.20 ± 0.01a 0.80 ± 0.01b 0.44 ± 0.02b 0.35 ± 0.02b 0.28 ± 0.02a 0.10 ± 0.01a
48 5650 ± 60ab 32300 ± 350ab 0.17 ± 0.00ab 0.83 ± 0.00ab 0.50 ± 0.01ab 0.41 ± 0.01ab 0.32 ± 0.01a 0.13 ± 0.01a
72 5640 ± 140ab 32100 ± 400ab 0.18 ± 0.00ab 0.82 ± 0.00ab 0.48 ± 0.01ab 0.40 ± 0.01ab 0.32 ± 0.01a 0.13 ± 0.01a
96 5660 ± 110ab 33100 ± 650a 0.17 ± 0.00b 0.83 ± 0.00a 0.51 ± 0.01a 0.43 ± 0.01a 0.29 ± 0.01a 0.12 ± 0.01a
120 5270 ± 120b 31000 ± 760ab 0.17 ± 0.00b 0.83 ± 0.00a 0.50 ± 0.02ab 0.41 ± 0.01ab 0.32 ± 0.01a 0.13 ± 0.01a
A. halleri 0 6580 ± 390b 30800 ± 490a 0.21 ± 0.01b 0.79 ± 0.01a 0.34 ± 0.02b 0.27 ± 0.02ab 0.30 ± 0.01ab 0.08 ± 0.01ab
24 7130 ± 500a 31000 ± 720a 0.26 ± 0.02a 0.74 ± 0.02b 0.28 ± 0.03b 0.21 ± 0.03b 0.25 ± 0.02c 0.06 ± 0.01b
48 6900 ± 270ab 32100 ± 610a 0.22 ± 0.01b 0.78 ± 0.01a 0.35 ± 0.02b 0.27 ± 0.02ab 0.29 ± 0.01b 0.08 ± 0.01ab
72 6440 ± 190b 32400 ± 560a 0.20 ± 0.01b 0.80 ± 0.01a 0.37 ± 0.01b 0.30 ± 0.01ab 0.30 ± 0.01ab 0.09 ± 0.00a
96 6120 ± 190b 32700 ± 620a 0.19 ± 0.00b 0.81 ± 0.00a 0.43 ± 0.01a 0.35 ± 0.01a 0.31 ± 0.01a 0.11 ± 0.01a
120 5970 ± 140b 31700 ± 720a 0.19 ± 0.00b 0.81 ± 0.00a 0.40 ± 0.01ab 0.33 ± 0.01a 0.32 ± 0.01a 0.10 ± 0.01a
Cd A. arenosa 0 5690 ± 230a 31400 ± 1000a 0.18 ± 0.00b 0.82 ± 0.00a 0.55 ± 0.03a 0.45 ± 0.02a 0.29 ± 0.01a 0.13 ± 0.00a
24 5580 ± 240a 31800 ± 600a 0.18 ± 0.01b 0.82 ± 0.01a 0.48 ± 0.02a 0.40 ± 0.02a 0.28 ± 0.01ab 0.11 ± 0.00ab
48 6150 ± 360a 30300 ± 500ab 0.20 ± 0.01b 0.80 ± 0.01ab 0.48 ± 0.02a 0.38 ± 0.02a 0.27 ± 0.01ab 0.11 ± 0.01ab
72 5600 ± 300a 29600 ± 550ab 0.19 ± 0.01b 0.81 ± 0.01ab 0.48 ± 0.01a 0.39 ± 0.02a 0.25 ± 0.01b 0.10 ± 0.01bc
96 5860 ± 400a 29000 ± 630b 0.20 ± 0.01ab 0.80 ± 0.01b 0.47 ± 0.02a 0.38 ± 0.02a 0.25 ± 0.01b 0.09 ± 0.01bc
120 6590 ± 540a 27400 ± 1360b 0.25 ± 0.03a 0.75 ± 0.03b 0.47 ± 0.03a 0.36 ± 0.02a 0.22 ± 0.02b 0.08 ± 0.01c
A. halleri 0 6130 ± 150b 33000 ± 480a 0.19 ± 0.00c 0.81 ± 0.00a 0.55 ± 0.02ab 0.45 ± 0.02ab 0.30 ± 0.02ab 0.13 ± 0.01a
24 5960 ± 70c 34800 ± 980a 0.17 ± 0.00c 0.83 ± 0.00a 0.46 ± 0.02abc 0.38 ± 0.01bc 0.30 ± 0.01ab 0.11 ± 0.01a
48 7030 ± 430b 32900 ± 320a 0.21 ± 0.01bc 0.79 ± 0.02ab 0.44 ± 0.02abc 0.35 ± 0.02bc 0.26 ± 0.01bc 0.09 ± 0.01ab
72 8110 ± 530a 33200 ± 590a 0.24 ± 0.02b 0.76 ± 0.02bc 0.36 ± 0.04c 0.28 ± 0.03c 0.20 ± 0.02c 0.06 ± 0.01b
96 7980 ± 560ab 32300 ± 650ab 0.25 ± 0.02ab 0.75 ± 0.02bc 0.38 ± 0.04c 0.29 ± 0.04c 0.21 ± 0.02c 0.07 ± 0.01b
120 7850 ± 550ab 29700 ± 590b 0.27 ± 0.02ab 0.73 ± 0.02c 0.45 ± 0.03bc 0.34 ± 0.03bc 0.22 ± 0.02bc 0.08 ± 0.01b
Zn A. arenosa 0 6420 ± 250a 34400 ± 870a 0.19 ± 0.01a 0.81 ± 0.01a 0.58 ± 0.02a 0.47 ± 0.01a 0.32 ± 0.02a 0.15 ± 0.01a
24 5610 ± 190a 31400 ± 500ab 0.18 ± 0.01a 0.82 ± 0.01a 0.49 ± 0.01b 0.40 ± 0.01b 0.28 ± 0.01a 0.11 ± 0.01b
48 6140 ± 180a 30400 ± 340b 0.20 ± 0.01a 0.80 ± 0.01a 0.49 ± 0.02b 0.39 ± 0.01b 0.28 ± 0.02a 0.11 ± 0.01b
72 6180 ± 300a 32400 ± 780ab 0.19 ± 0.01a 0.81 ± 0.01a 0.46 ± 0.02b 0.38 ± 0.02b 0.26 ± 0.01a 0.10 ± 0.01b
96 6150 ± 340a 32000 ± 750ab 0.19 ± 0.01a 0.81 ± 0.01a 0.46 ± 0.02b 0.37 ± 0.02b 0.26 ± 0.01a 0.10 ± 0.01b
120 5890 ± 190a 30500 ± 690b 0.19 ± 0.01a 0.81 ± 0.01a 0.46 ± 0.02b 0.37 ± 0.02b 0.27 ± 0.01a 0.10 ± 0.01b
A. halleri 0 6800 ± 340b 34200 ± 640a 0.20 ± 0.01b 0.80 ± 0.01a 0.51 ± 0.03a 0.40 ± 0.02a 0.26 ± 0.01ab 0.11 ± 0.00a
24 6330 ± 200b 33600 ± 680a 0.19 ± 0.00b 0.81 ± 0.00a 0.40 ± 0.02b 0.33 ± 0.02ab 0.31 ± 0.01a 0.10 ± 0.01a
48 7770 ± 750ab 32500 ± 650a 0.22 ± 0.02ab 0.78 ± 0.02ab 0.35 ± 0.03bc 0.28 ± 0.03bc 0.28 ± 0.01a 0.08 ± 0.01ab
72 7830 ± 310ab 33700 ± 1220a 0.24 ± 0.02ab 0.76 ± 0.02ab 0.44 ± 0.04ab 0.33 ± 0.03ab 0.20 ± 0.01b 0.07 ± 0.01bc
96 7770 ± 310ab 34100 ± 1280a 0.23 ± 0.02ab 0.77 ± 0.02ab 0.46 ± 0.03ab 0.35 ± 0.03a 0.21 ± 0.01b 0.07 ± 0.01bc
120 9550 ± 850a 33100 ± 1600a 0.30 ± 0.02a 0.70 ± 0.03b 0.27 ± 0.03c 0.19 ± 0.03c 0.21 ± 0.01b 0.04 ± 0.01c

Changes in parameters derived from the chlorophyll a fluorescence signal, describing photosynthetic apparatus of A. arenosa and A. halleri in control and under 1.0 mM Cd or 5.0 mM Zn treatement after 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Values are means ± SE (n = 8). Means followed by the same letter in a column are not significantly different from each other using the HSD test (P ≤ 0.05). Parameters: F0 – minimal fluorescence (at t = 0); Fm, maximal fluorescence; Fv, maximum variable fluorescence; ϕP0, maximum quantum yield of the primary PSII photochemistry; ΨE0, probability (at time 0) that a trapped exciton moves an electron into the electron transport chain beyond QA-roba0, quantum yield for electron transport from QA-uantum yield for elec0, probability with which an electron from the intersystem electron carriers will move to reduce the end acceptors at the PSI acceptor side; ϕR0, quantum yield for the reduction of the end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side; ϕD0, quantum yield (at t = 0) of energy dissipation.