Table 1.
Descriptives of the study variables at time 1 (data for time 2 in parentheses) for boys (n = 506) and girls (n = 594).
| Girls | Boys | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | M | SD | M | SD | Wald χ2, df = 1 | d | Range |
| Self-reported mathematics grade | 4.03 | 1.02 | 3.96 | 1.23 | 0.68 n.s. | 0.06 | 1–6 |
| Self-reported grade in language arts | 4.45 | 0.87 | 4.10 | 0.85 | 26.96∗∗∗ | 0.41 | 1–6 |
| Self-concept in mathematics | 3.02 (3.09) | 0.87 (0.86) | 3.37 (3.45) | 0.89 (0.93) | 33.70∗∗∗(25.26∗∗∗) | 0.40 (0.40) | 1–5 |
| Utility value in mathematics | 2.90 (2.92) | 0.93 (0.92) | 3.16 (3.17) | 0.93 (0.96) | 11.80∗∗∗ (7.48∗∗) | 0.30 (0.27) | 1–5 |
| Intrinsic value in mathematics | 2.82 (2.93) | 1.09 (1.12) | 3.22 (3.19) | 1.13 (1.17) | 27.30∗∗∗ (7.25∗∗∗) | 0.36 (0.23) | 1–5 |
| Self-concept in language arts | 3.50 (3.55) | 0.79 (0.80) | 3.44 (3.38) | 0.77 (0.78) | 1.68 n.s. (9.08∗∗) | 0.07 (0.21) | 1–5 |
| Utility value in language arts | 3.73 (3.74) | 0.94 (0.94) | 3.60 (3.55) | 1.06 (0.99) | 2.76 n.s. (4.61∗) | 0.13 (0.20) | 1–5 |
| Intrinsic value in language arts | 3.52 (3.55) | 1.05 (1.00) | 3.25 (3.25) | 1.09 (1.04) | 12.14∗∗∗ (14.43∗∗∗) | 0.25 (0.29) | 1–5 |
| Career plans related to mathematics | 42.54 (41.83) | 8.91 (9.04) | 44.61 (45.41) | 9.92 (10.06) | 8.38∗∗ (17.91∗∗∗) | 0.22 (0.37) | 0–100 |
| Career plans related to language arts | 57.65 (57.82) | 6.39 (6.19) | 55.70 (55.45) | 6.67 (6.44) | 16.92∗∗∗(12.81∗∗∗) | 0.30 (0.38) | 0–100 |
Latent means are reported for the latent variables including measurement invariance across time and gender groups. Grades were recoded. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.