Table 1. Characteristics and comparison between survivors and non-survivors of all patients.
| Variable | All patients (n = 10,305) | Survivors (n = 9,036) | Non-survivors (n = 1,269) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 69 (56–80) | 68 (55–80) | 74 (61–82) | <0.001 |
| Male | 5,425 (52.64%) | 4,742 (52.48%) | 683 (53.82%) | 0.370 |
| Admission type | <0.001 | |||
| Urgent | 334 (3.24%) | 290 (3.21%) | 44 (3.47%) | |
| Emergency | 9,006 (87.39%) | 7,853 (86.91%) | 1,153 (90.86%) | |
| Elective | 965 (9.36%) | 893 (9.88%) | 72 (5.67%) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | |||
| White | 7,482 (72.61%) | 6,592 (72.95%) | 890 (70.13%) | |
| Black | 847 (8.22%) | 760 (8.41%) | 87 (6.86%) | |
| Asian | 246 (2.39%) | 225 (2.49%) | 21 (1.65%) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 302 (2.93%) | 277 (3.07%) | 25 (1.97%) | |
| Other | 1,428 (13.86%) | 1,182 (13.08%) | 246 (19.39%) | |
| ICU mortality | 602 (5.84%) | 0 (0.00%) | 602 (47.44%) | <0.001 |
| 28-day mortality | 1,536 (14.91%) | 413 (4.57%) | 1,123 (88.49%) | <0.001 |
| Length of ICU stay (days) | 3.48 (1.98–7.62) | 3.30 (1.94–7.07) | 5.00 (2.43–10.73) | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 11.67 (7.00–19.94) | 11.49 (6.98–19.61) | 12.90 (7.40–23.20) | <0.001 |
| OASIS on admission | 34 (28–40) | 33 (28–39) | 38 (32–44) | <0.001 |
| SAPS II on admission | 39 (31–48) | 38 (30–46) | 50 (40–59) | <0.001 |
| SOFA score on admission | 5 (3–7) | 5 (3–7) | 7 (4–10) | <0.001 |
| Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (SID30) | 12 (4–23) | 12 (3–21) | 20 (11–29) | <0.001 |
| Sepsis (based on ICD-9) | 1,845 (17.90%) | 1,413 (15.64%) | 432 (34.04%) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation on first day | 5,196 (50.42%) | 4,510 (49.91%) | 686 (54.06%) | 0.006 |
| Renal replacement therapy on first day | 514 (4.99%) | 423 (4.68%) | 91 (7.17%) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Congestive heart failure | 3,494 (33.91%) | 2,989 (33.08%) | 505 (39.80%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 3,453 (33.51%) | 2,948 (32.63%) | 505 (39.80%) | <0.001 |
| Valvular disease | 1,507 (14.62%) | 1,331 (14.73%) | 176 (13.87%) | 0.416 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorder | 815 (7.91%) | 705 (7.80%) | 110 (8.67%) | 0.284 |
| Peripheral vascular disorder | 1,188 (11.53%) | 1,031 (11.41%) | 157 (12.37%) | 0.315 |
| Hypertension | 5,456 (52.95%) | 4,868 (53.87%) | 588 (46.34%) | <0.001 |
| Paralysis | 451 (4.38%) | 413 (4.57%) | 38 (2.99%) | 0.010 |
| Other neurological disease | 1,411 (13.69%) | 1,250 (13.83%) | 161 (12.69%) | 0.266 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 2,199 (21.34%) | 1,941 (21.48%) | 258 (20.33%) | 0.349 |
| Uncomplicated diabetes | 2,142 (20.79%) | 1,918 (21.23%) | 224 (17.65%) | 0.003 |
| Complicated diabetes | 761 (7.38%) | 679 (7.51%) | 82 (6.46%) | 0.179 |
| Hypothyroidism | 1,107 (10.74%) | 984 (10.89%) | 123 (9.69%) | 0.197 |
| Renal failure | 1,852 (17.97%) | 1,597 (17.67%) | 255 (20.09%) | 0.035 |
| Liver disease | 1,023 (9.93%) | 791 (8.75%) | 232 (18.28%) | <0.001 |
| Peptic ulcer | 17 (0.16%) | 15 (0.17%) | 2 (0.16%) | 1.000* |
| AIDS | 151 (1.47%) | 131 (1.45%) | 20 (1.58%) | 0.726 |
| Lymphoma | 264 (2.56%) | 195 (2.16%) | 69 (5.44%) | <0.001 |
| Metastatic cancer | 665 (6.45%) | 485 (5.37%) | 180 (14.18%) | <0.001 |
| Solid tumor | 532 (5.16%) | 458 (5.07%) | 74 (5.83%) | 0.250 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 346 (3.36%) | 308 (3.41%) | 38 (2.99%) | 0.443 |
| Coagulopathy | 1,798 (17.45%) | 1,417 (15.68%) | 381 (30.02%) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 595 (5.77%) | 549 (6.08%) | 46 (3.62%) | <0.001 |
| Weight loss | 708 (6.87%) | 584 (6.46%) | 124 (9.77%) | <0.001 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 4,276 (41.49%) | 3,602 (39.86%) | 674 (53.11%) | <0.001 |
| Blood loss anemia | 276 (2.68%) | 242 (2.68%) | 34 (2.68%) | 0.998 |
| Deficiency anemia | 2,390 (23.19%) | 2,163 (23.94%) | 227 (17.89%) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 782 (7.59%) | 688 (7.61%) | 94 (7.41%) | 0.795 |
| Drug abuse | 353 (3.43%) | 330 (3.65%) | 23 (1.81%) | <0.001 |
| Psychoses | 429 (4.16%) | 404 (4.47%) | 25 (1.97%) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 849 (8.24%) | 778 (8.61%) | 71 (5.59%) | <0.001 |
Notes:
Patients were grouped as survivors and non-survivors determined by hospital mortality status. Data are expressed as median (25th–75th percentiles) or n (%) unless otherwise stated. Mann–Whitney U and Chi-square (or Fisher’s exact) tests were used to analyze continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) is shown in bold. The asterisk indicated that the Fisher’s exact test was used instead of the Chi-squared test.
ICU, intensive care unit; OASIS, Oxford Acute Severity of Illness Score; SAPS II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; SOFA, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment score; ICD, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.