Fig 1. Flowchart of screened manuscripts and reason for exclusion.

The search included only studies with an available abstract on PubMed or on the web page of the journal. *The retracted articles indexed by WoS were published in journals classified into the following domains: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging (11 articles), Peripheral Vascular Disease, Clinical Neurology, Cardiac & Cardivascular Systems (each with 4 articles), Medicine, General & Internal (3 articles), and Urology & Nephrology (2 articles). All other WoS domains had one retraction (Anesthesiology, Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Mathematical & Computational Biology, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics, Pathology, Pediatrics, Surgery).