Table 4. Association between participants with PIMs according to Beers, STOPP, FORTA, and MAI criteria, and PPOs according to START criteria, and their characteristics.

Characteristics	Beers Criteria		STOPP Criteria		MAI Criteria		FORTA List		START Criteria
	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Age (Years)		0.13		-		-		-		0.15
65–74	Reference		-		-		-		Reference
75–84	1.4 (0.9–2.3)		-		-		-		1.1(0.6–2.0)
≥ 85	2.5 (0.8–8.1)		-		-		-		0.1(0.02–1.10)
Gender		-		0.06		0.77		0.09		0.13
Male	-		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Female	-		1.5 (0.9–2.2)		1.1 (0.6–1.8)		1.5 (0.9–2.3)		1.6 (0.9–2.9)
Education Level		-		-		0.81		0.66		0.005*
Low Education	-		-		Reference		Reference		Reference
Intermediate Education	-		-		0.9 (0.5–1.9)		1.2 (0.7–2.3)		2.0 (1.0–4.1)
High Education	-		-		0.8 (0.4–1.6)		0.9 (0.4–1.7)		0.4 (0.1–0.9)
Residence		0.001*		-		0.11		0.02*		0.03*
Al-Farwaniyah	Reference		-		Reference		Reference		Reference
Capital	0.6 (0.3–1.1)		-		0.5 (0.2–1.0)		0.8 (0.4–1.6)		0.9 (0.4–1.9)
Al-Ahmadi	1.4 (0.8–2.5)		-		1.1 (0.6–2.1)		1.8 (1.1–3.1)		0.5 (0.3–0.9)
Hawalli	1.9 (0.9–3.9)		-		0.6 (0.3–1.2)		1.6 (0.8–3.2)		0.2 (0.1–0.7.)
Al-Jahra	0.2 (0.1–0.7)		-		0.7 (0.2–2.3)		0.5 (0.1–1.4)		0.3 (0.1–1.2)
Number of Diseases		0.09		0.61		0.75		0.22		0.001*
1–2	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
≥ 3	1.6 (0.9–2.7)		1.1 (0.7–1.9)		0.9 (0.6–1.6)		1.4 (0.8–2.4)		4.0 (1.8–8.9)
Number of Medications		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		0.9
1–4	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
≥ 5	6.3 (3.5–11.3)		3.3 (2.0–5.6)		6.0 (3.4–10.7)		3.9 (2.2–7.0)		1.0 (0.5–2.1)

Variables with p > 0.25 in the univariable analysis, which were not included in the multivariable analysis

* P<0.05