TABLE 1.
Participants’ Baseline Characteristics (N = 264)
| Characteristics | Education Intervention (n = 131) | Resilience Intervention (n = 133) | All Participants (N = 264) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in y, mean ± SD | 15.7 ± 1.1 | 15.7 ± 1.1 | 15.7 ± 1.1 |
| Girls, % | 60.3 | 59.4 | 59.8 |
| Race and ethnicity, % | |||
| White, non-Hispanic | 66.4 | 64.7 | 65.5 |
| African American | 14.5 | 14.3 | 14.4 |
| Hispanic | 10.7 | 11.3 | 11.0 |
| Asian American or Pacific Islander | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
| Indian American or Alaskan Native | 0 | 2.3 | 1.1 |
| Reported as “other” | 6.1 | 5.3 | 5.7 |
| Low family income, % <$50 000 | 14.9 | 18.5 | 16.7 |
| Mother’s education, % college graduate | 57.3 | 65.4 | 61.4 |
| Family composition, % 2-caregiver household | 84.0a | 73.7 | 78.8 |
| Diabetes duration in y, mean ± SD | 6.5 ± 3.9 | 7.3 ± 4.2 | 6.9 ± 4.0 |
| Insulin regimen, % | |||
| Injections | 32.1 | 27.8 | 29.9 |
| Insulin pump | 67.9 | 72.2 | 70.1 |
| DRD, mean ± SD | 74.2 ± 25.0 | 72.1 ± 28.3 | 73.1 ± 26.7 |
| HbA1C %, mean ± SD | 9.1 ± 2.0 | 9.1 ± 1.9 | 9.1 ± 1.9 |
| Blood glucose monitoring frequency, daily checks, mean ± SD | 3.5 ± 2.2 | 3.9 ± 2.5 | 3.7 ± 2.4 |
| Self-care behaviors, mean ± SD | 54.7 ± 7.1 | 53.4 ± 8.5 | 54.1 ± 7.8 |
| Depressive symptoms, mean ± SD | 7.9 ± 6.3 | 7.6 ± 6.1 | 7.7 ± 6.2 |
| Anxious symptoms, mean ± SD | 37.9 ± 11.0 | 37.2 ± 10.4 | 37.6 ± 10.7 |
| Diabetes-related family conflict, mean ± SD | 27.6 ± 6.0 | 27.7 ± 8.1 | 27.7 ± 7.1 |
| Coping efficacy, mean ± SD | 24.8 ± 4.0 | 24.6 ± 4.4 | 24.7 ± 4.2 |
| Problem-solving, mean ± SD | 12.8 ± 2.5 | 13.0 ± 2.8 | 12.9 ± 2.7 |
a
Participants in the education intervention were more likely to have 2 caregivers in the home (P = .04). Other variables did not significantly differ across intervention groups.