Table 5. Comparison of metabolites that were increased in the kidney, plasma, and/or heart 4 hours after AKI.
Top:Metabolites that were increased in more than one site 4 hours after AKI are presented in the top section. One metabolite, S-Allantoin, was increased in both the plasma and heart; 7 metabolites were increased in both the kidney and plasma. Bottom: All of the remaining metabolites that were increased in the kidney, plasma or heart 4 hours after AKI are included in the bottom section, and grouped by metabolite type/pathway. In total, 4 hours after AKI, 27 metabolites were increased in the kidney, 21 were increased in the plasma, and 1 was increased in the heart.
| Increased metabolites in the kidney, plasma, and heart at 4 hours | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Kidney | Plasma | Heart | Metabolite type or pathway |
| S-Allantoin | S-Allantoin | Purine metabolism | |
| 2-Deoxy-alpha-D-glucoside | 2-Deoxy-alpha-D-glucoside | Other | |
| 6-Phospho-D-gluconate | 6-Phospho-D-gluconate | Pentose phosphate pathway | |
| Creatinine | Creatinine | Arginine and proline metabolism | |
| L-Homocitrulline | L-Homocitrulline | Lysine metabolism, urea cycle | |
| D-Ribose | D-Ribose | Pentose phosphate pathway | |
| N-Glycoloyl-neuraminate | N-Glycoloyl-neuraminate | Aminosugar metabolism | |
| Tricanthine | Tricanthine | Other | |
| Kidney | Plasma | Heart | Metabolite type or pathway |
| Leucine | Asparagine | Amino acid | |
| Histidine | Amino acid | ||
| Tryptophan | Amino acid | ||
| 4-Acetamidobutanoate | 5-Guanidino-2-oxopentanoate | Arginine and proline metabolism | |
| Carnosine | Phosphocreatine | Arginine and proline metabolism | |
| Homocarnosine | Arginine and proline metabolism | ||
| N-Amidino-L-aspartate | Arginine and proline metabolism | ||
| L-Citrulline | Arginine metabolism, urea cycle | ||
| N-Carbamyl-L-glutamate | Histidine metabolism | ||
| N6-Methyl-L-lysine | Lysine metabolism | ||
| Threonate | Ascorbate metabolism | ||
| 5-L-Glutamyl-Peptide | Glutathione metabolism | ||
| Hypoxanthine | Purine metabolism | ||
| Xanthine | Purine metabolism | ||
| UMP | Pyrimidine metabolism | ||
| D-glucono-1,5-lactone | Pentose Phosphate Pathway | ||
| Nicotinamide (NAM) | Vitamin B3 analog | ||
| Pyridoxal | Vitamin B6 metabolism | ||
| D-Arabitol | D-Rhamnose | Other sugar | |
| Maltose | Other sugar | ||
| L-Arabinose | Monosaccharide | ||
| N-Acetylneuraminate | Aminosugar metabolism | ||
| 3D-3–5/4-Trihydroxycyclohexane-1–2-dione | Beta-D-Glucuronoside | Other | |
| 6-Aminohexanoate | N-Acyl-D-Aspartate | Other | |
| Ferric gluconate | Triacanthine | Other | |
| Homomethionine | Other | ||
| Serotonin | Other | ||
| 27 total | 21 total | 1 total | |