Table 6. Comparison of metabolites that were decreased in the kidney, plasma, and/or heart 24 hours after AKI.
Top:Metabolites that were decreased in more than one site 24 hours after AKI are presented in the top section. One metabolite, tyrosine, was decreased in all three sites. 6 metabolites were decreased in both the plasma and the heart. Bottom: All of the remaining metabolites that were decreased in the kidney, plasma or heart 24 hours after AKI are included in the bottom section, and grouped by metabolite type/pathway. In total, 24 hours after AKI, 37 metabolites were decreased in the kidney, 34 were decreased in the plasma, and 20 were decreased in the heart.
| Increased metabolites in the kidney, plasma, and heart at 4 hours | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Kidney | Plasma | Heart | Metabolite type or pathway |
| Tyrosine | Tyrosine | Tyrosine | Amino acid |
| Alanine | Alanine | Amino acid | |
| Lysine | Lysine | Amino acid | |
| D-O-Phosphoserine | D-O-Phosphoserine | Amino acid metabolite | |
| Glutathione | Glutathione | Antioxidant | |
| Pyridoxamine | Pyridoxamine | Vitamin B6 metabolism | |
| 2-Oxo-7-Methylthioheptanoic acid | 2-Oxo-7-Methylthioheptanoic acid | Carboxylate metabolism | |
| Glutamate | Glutamate | Amino acid | |
| Glycine | Glycine | Amino acid | |
| Adenine | Adenine | Purine nucleotide | |
| Adenosine | Adenosine | Purine nucleotide | |
| Cysteine | Cysteine | Amino acid | |
| Methionine | Methionine | Amino acid | |
| Valine | Valine | Amino acid | |
| L-Carnitine | L-Carnitine | Carnitine and fatty acid metabolism | |
| cis-p-Coumarate | Cis-P-Coumarate | Other | |
| Kidney | Plasma | Heart | Metabolite type or pathway |
| Cystine | Arginine | Aspartate | Amino acid |
| Proline | Histidine | Amino acid | |
| Phenylalanine | Peptide Tryptophan | Amino acid | |
| Threonine | Amino acid | ||
| Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline | Amino acid metabolite | ||
| Indolepyruvate | Tryptophan metabolism | ||
| N6-Methyl-L-Lysine | Lysine metabolism | ||
| Guanidinoacetate | Arginine and proline metabolism | ||
| L-Citrulline | Arginine metabolism, urea cycle | ||
| L-Homocysteine | Serine metabolism | ||
| S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine | Serine metabolism | ||
| 5-Oxoproline | Gamma-L-Glutamyl-D-Alanine | Glutathione metabolism | |
| 5-L-Glutamyl-taurine | Glutathione Disulfide | Glutathione metabolism | |
| gamma-Glutamyl-gamma- aminobutyrate |
S-Glutathionyl-L-Cysteine | Glutathione metabolism | |
| gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine | Glutathione metabolism | ||
| Thioredoxin disulfide | Antioxidant | ||
| AMP | Purine | Nucleotide/nucleotide metabolism | |
| GMP | Cytidine | Nucleotide/nucleotide metabolism | |
| Hypoxanthine | Guanine | Nucleotide/nucleotide metabolism | |
| Inosine | Nucleotide/nucleotide metabolism | ||
| alpha-D-Ribose 1-phosphate | Pentose Phosphate Pathway | ||
| Sedoheptulose 1-phosphate | Pentose Phosphate Pathway | ||
| NAD | Vitamin B3 metabolism, NAD/NADH reactions | ||
| Nicotinamide (NAM) | Vitamin B3, NAD/NADH reactions | ||
| 2-Methyleneglutarate | Vitamin B3 metabolism | ||
| Lactate | D-Glucose | Glycolysis | |
| Pyruvate | Lactate | Glycolysis | |
| Succinate | TCA cycle | ||
| Ethanolamine phosphate | Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis | ||
| Glycerol 3-phosphate | Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis | ||
| O-Propanoylcarnitine | Carnitine and fatty acid metabolism | ||
| 2-Hydroxyglutarate/Citramalate | Butanoate Metabolism | ||
| Ornithine | Urea cycle | ||
| 1-Hydroxy-2- aminoethylphosphonate |
3D-3–5/4-Trihydroxycyclohexane- 1–2-Dione |
Other | |
| 4-Aminobenzoate | L-Adrenaline | Serotonin | Other |
| Poly-gamma-D-glutamate | N-Acyl-D-Mannosaminolactone | 3-Phospho-D-Erythronate | Other |
| Ectoine | Sodium Glucuronate | Other | |
| Anthranilate | Other | ||
| Hypotaurine | Other | ||
| Phosphate | Other | ||
| 37 total | 34 total | 20 total | |