Table 7. Comparison of metabolites that were increased in the kidney, plasma, and/or heart 24 hours after AKI.
Top:Metabolites that were increased in more than one site 24 hours after AKI are presented in the top section. Four metabolites were increased in all three sites. Bottom: All of the remaining metabolites that were increased in the kidney, plasma or heart 24 hours after AKI are included in the bottom section, and grouped by metabolite type/pathway. In total, 24 hours after AKI, 39 metabolites were increased in the kidney, 42 were increased in the plasma, and 20 were increased in the heart.
| Increased metabolites in the kidney, plasma, and heart at 24 hours | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Kidney | Plasma | Heart | Metabolite type or pathway |
| Ascorbate | Ascorbate | Ascorbate | Vitamin C (anti-oxidant) |
| D-Ribose | D-Ribose | D-Ribose | Pentose phosphate pathway |
| 2-Oxoglutarate | 2-Oxoglutaramate | 2-Oxoglutaramate | TCA cycle |
| 3-Oxalomalate | 3-Oxalomalate | 3-Oxalomalate | TCA cycle |
| Threonate | Threonate | Vitamin C metabolite | |
| Dethiobiotin | Dethiobiotin | Biotin (Vitamin B7) metabolism | |
| S-Allantoin | S-Allantoin | Purine metabolism | |
| D-Glucose 6-Phosphate | D-Glucose 6-Phosphate | Glycolysis | |
| N6-Methyl-L-lysine | N6-Methyl-L-lysine | Lysine Metabolism | |
| Gamma-L-Glutamyl-D-alanine | Gamma-L-Glutamyl-D-alanine | Glutathione metabolism | |
| Histidine | Histidine | Amino acid | |
| 4-Acetamidobutanoate | 4-Acetamidobutanoate | Arginine and proline metabolism | |
| Creatinine | Creatine | Arginine and proline metabolism | |
| Creatinine | Creatinine | Arginine and proline metabolism | |
| N-Acetyl-L-citrulline | N-Acetyl-L-Citrulline | Arginine and proline metabolism | |
| L-Citrulline | L-Citrulline | Arginine metabolism, urea cycle | |
| Dimethylglycine | Dimethylglycine | Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism | |
| L-Homocitrulline | L-Homocitrulline | Lysine metabolism, urea cycle | |
| Pyridoxal | Pyridoxal | Vitamin B6 metabolism | |
| N-Glycoloyl-Neuraminate | N-Glycoloyl-Neuraminate | Aminosugar | |
| Ornithine | Ornithine | Urea cycle | |
| Homomethionine | Homomethionine | Other | |
| Methylenediurea | Methylenediurea | Other | |
| Kidney | Plasma | Heart | Metabolite type or pathway |
| Arginine | Cystine | Threonine | Amino acid |
| Peptide tryptophan | Glutamine | Amino acid | |
| N-Amidino-L-aspartate | Arginine and proline metabolism | ||
| Phosphocreatine | Arginine and proline metabolism | ||
| 5-Guanidino-2-Oxopentanoate | Arginine and proline metabolism | ||
| 3-Sulfino-L-Alanine | Cysteine and methionine metabolism | ||
| N-Carbamyl-L-glutamate | Histidine metabolism | ||
| Dehydroascorbate | 5-L-Glutamyl-peptide | S-Glutathionyl-L-Cysteine | Glutathione metabolism |
| 5-Oxoproline | Glutathione metabolism | ||
| gamma-L-Glutamylputrescine | Glutathione metabolism | ||
| 5-Hydroxyisourate | Hypoxanthine | 5-Hydroxyisourate | Purine metabolism |
| Xanthine | Purine metabolism | ||
| 5–6-Dihydrothymine | Thymine | 5–6-Dihydrothymine | Pyrimidine metabolism |
| UMP | Pyrimidine metabolism | ||
| D-Glucono-1–5-Lactone 6-Phosphate | Pentose phosphate pathway | ||
| Maleamate | Vitamin B3 metabolism | ||
| Pantothenate | Vitamin B5 | ||
| Pantothenol | Vitamin B5 analog | ||
| Pyridoxamine | 4-Pyridoxate | Vitamin B6 metabolism | |
| D-Glucose | Glycolysis | ||
| Oxalosuccinate | Fumarate | TCA Cycle | |
| L-Arabinose | Monosaccharide | ||
| N-Acetylneuraminate | Aminosugar metabolism | ||
| D-Arabitol | D-Rhamnose | Other sugars | |
| Mannitol | Other sugars | ||
| Other sugars | |||
| Putrescine | 2-Deoxy-Alpha-D-Glucoside | Other | |
| Serotonin | Beta-D-Glucuronoside | Other | |
| Triacanthine | N-Acyl-D-Aspartate | Other | |
| Hydroxyacetone phosphate | Taurine | Other | |
| N5-Methyl-L-glutamine | Orthophosphate | Other | |
| Acetylcholine | N-N-Dimethylglycine | Other | |
| Phosphate | Other | ||
| 39 total | 42 total | 20 total | |