TABLE 1.
Baseline Characteristics by Study Group
| Total (n = 360) | Control (n = 119) | Healthy Change (n = 118) | System Change (n = 123) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child female sex, No. (%) | 208 (57.8) | 69 (58.0) | 66 (55.9) | 73 (59.3) |
| Child’s age, y, mean (SD) | 11.6 (0.6) | 11.6 (0.6) | 11.6 (0.6) | 11.5 (0.6) |
| Child’s race and/or ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 14 (3.9) | 5 (4.2) | 4 (3.4) | 5 (4.1) |
| Non-Hispanic African American | 276 (76.7) | 93 (78.2) | 91 (77.1) | 92 (74.8) |
| Hispanic | 59 (16.4) | 18 (15.1) | 17 (14.4) | 24 (19.5) |
| Multiracial | 8 (2.2) | 2 (1.7) | 5 (4.2) | 1 (0.8) |
| Other | 3 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) |
| Child’s pubertal status (yes), No. (%) | 210 (61.4) | 66 (59.5) | 66 (57.9) | 78 (66.7) |
| Child’s wt, kg, mean (SD) | 64.4 (14.3) | 63.8 (15.0) | 64.6 (12.9) | 65.0 (14.8) |
| Child’s height, cm, mean (SD) | 153.7 (7.6) | 153.6 (7.4) | 153.8 (8.1) | 153.7 (7.4) |
| Child’s BMI, mean (SD) | 27.1 (4.9) | 26.8 (4.7) | 27.3 (4.8) | 27.4 (5.1) |
| Child’s BMI percentile, mean (SD) | 95.7 (3.7) | 95.5 (4.0) | 95.8 (3.6) | 95.8 (3.6) |
| Child’s BMI category, No. (%) | ||||
| Overweight | 117 (32.5) | 38 (31.9) | 37 (31.4) | 42 (34.1) |
| Obese | 243 (67.5) | 81 (68.1) | 81 (68.6) | 81 (65.9) |
| Waist-to-height ratio, mean (SD) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) |
| Body fat, %, mean (SD) | 38.5 (5.8) | 38.0 (5.5) | 38.8 (5.9) | 38.6 (5.9) |
| Child’s systolic BP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 108.1 (8.3) | 108.3 (8.6) | 108.1 (7.7) | 108.1 (8.6) |
| Child’s diastolic BP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 63.9 (6.9) | 63.6 (7.2) | 64.2 (6.3) | 63.8 (7.1) |
| Child’s BP category, No. (%) | ||||
| Normal | 326 (90.6) | 108 (90.8) | 109 (92.4) | 109 (88.6) |
| Prehypertensive | 20 (5.6) | 5 (4.2) | 6 (5.1) | 9 (7.3) |
| Hypertensive | 14 (3.8) | 6 (5.0) | 3 (2.5) | 5 (4.1) |
| Child depressive symptoms, mean (SD) | 16.0 (10.6) | 15.1 (10.3) | 16.5 (10.8) | 16.5 (10.7) |
| Parent’s BMI, mean (SD) | 35.7 (8.8) | 36.3 (9.0) | 35.6 (9.1) | 35.2 (8.3) |
| Parent’s BMI category, No. (%) | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 3 (0.9) | 2 (1.8) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Normal wt (18.5–24.9) | 31 (9.0) | 8 (7.1) | 12 (10.5) | 11 (9.4) |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 60 (17.5) | 17 (15.2) | 20 (17.5) | 23 (19.7) |
| Obese (>30) | 249 (72.6) | 85 (75.9) | 81 (71.1) | 83 (70.9) |
| People living in household, mean (SD) | ||||
| Total | 4.5 (1.5) | 4.5 (1.6) | 4.3 (1.3) | 4.5 (1.6) |
| Adults | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.7) |
| Children | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.9 (1.5) | 2.8 (1.2) | 2.9 (1.5) |
| Parent’s education level, No. (%) | ||||
| No high school diploma | 65 (18.0) | 23 (19.3) | 17 (14.4) | 25 (20.3) |
| High school diploma | 101 (28.1) | 31 (26.1) | 38 (32.2) | 32 (26.0) |
| Some college, technical training, or associate’s degree | 162 (45.0) | 53 (44.5) | 54 (45.8) | 55 (44.7) |
| Bachelor’s degree or more | 32 (8.9) | 12 (10.1) | 9 (7.6) | 11 (8.9) |
| Parent marital status (single), No. (%) | 239 (66.8) | 84 (70.6) | 81 (69.2) | 74 (60.7) |
| Parent employment status, No. (%) | ||||
| Working full-time | 136 (37.8) | 48 (40.3) | 44 (37.3) | 44 (35.8) |
| Working part-time | 64 (17.8) | 22 (18.5) | 18 (15.3) | 24 (19.5) |
| Not working for pay | 160 (44.4) | 49 (41.2) | 56 (47.5) | 55 (44.7) |
| Annual household income, $, No. (%) | ||||
| ≤14 999 | 105 (29.2) | 34 (28.6) | 33 (28.0) | 38 (30.9) |
| 15 000–24 999 | 71 (19.7) | 22 (18.5) | 26 (22.0) | 23 (18.7) |
| 25 000–34 999 | 47 (13.1) | 16 (13.4) | 13 (11.0) | 18 (14.6) |
| 35 000–49 999 | 36 (10.0) | 12 (10.1) | 15 (12.7) | 9 (7.3) |
| 50 000–74 999 | 25 (6.9) | 10 (8.4) | 8 (6.8) | 7 (5.7) |
| ≥75 000 | 10 (2.8) | 4 (3.3) | 3 (2.5) | 3 (2.4) |
| Prefer not to answer | 20 (5.6) | 5 (4.2) | 6 (5.1) | 9 (7.3) |
| Do not know | 46 (12.8) | 16 (13.4) | 14 (11.9) | 16 (13.0) |
| Food assistance via WIC, No. (%) | 58 (16.1) | 20 (16.8) | 18 (15.3) | 20 (16.3) |
| Food assistance via SNAP, No. (%) | 254 (70.6) | 81 (68.1) | 88 (74.6) | 85 (69.1) |
| Child’s food security, No. (%) | ||||
| Secure | 238 (68.0) | 80 (69.6) | 82 (71.3) | 76 (63.3) |
| Insecure, no hunger | 102 (29.1) | 33 (28.7) | 28 (24.3) | 41 (34.2) |
| Insecure, with hunger | 10 (2.9) | 2 (1.7) | 5 (4.3) | 3 (2.5) |
| Access to a car (no), No. (%) | 89 (24.7) | 24 (20.2) | 33 (28.0) | 32 (26.0) |
| Neighborhood factorsa | ||||
| In poverty, %, mean (SD) | 37.4 (15.9) | 35.8 (15.6) | 37.8 (16.8) | 38.5 (15.3) |
| Unemployed, %, mean (SD) | 22.7 (10.2) | 22.5 (10.2) | 23.0 (10.4) | 22.5 (10.0) |
| Violent crime rate (per 100 000),b mean (SD) | 1873.9 (964.4) | 1835.1 (938.4) | 1916.6 (905.8) | 1869.2 (1044.6) |
| Participants without a full service or small grocery within one-half mile of home, No. (%) | 114 (35.5) | 40 (38.8) | 36 (34.3) | 38 (33.6) |
SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; WIC, Women, Infants, and Children program.
a
Neighborhood indicators are reported at the census-tract level.
b
For comparison, the violent crime rate (per 100 000) for the county is 560.5 per 100 000.