TABLE 3.
Annualized Changes in Key Outcome Variables and Adjusted Differences in Annualized Change Between the Healthy Change or System Change Group and the Education-Only Controls
| Variable | Unadjusted Annualized Change,a Mean (SD) | HC or SC Versus Education-Only, P | Adjusted Difference in Annualized Change (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education Only | HC | SC | F test | HC Versus Education-Only | SC Versus Education-Only | |
| Primary outcome: BMI | 0.952 (1.318) | 0.821 (1.363) | 1.083 (1.129) | 0.35 | −0.132 (−0.390 to 0.126) | 0.137 (−0.071 to 0.346) |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||
| Anthropometric | ||||||
| BMI percentile | −1.101 (3.206) | −1.363 (3.836) | −0.260 (1.555) | 0.11 | −0.309 (−1.034 to 0.416) | 0.785 (0.497 to 1.072) |
| Waist-to-height ratio | −0.001 (0.020) | −0.003 (0.023) | 0.002 (0.017) | 0.34 | −0.003 (−0.007 to 0.002) | 0.002 (−0.001 to 0.005) |
| Waist circumference | 2.200 (3.288) | 1.814 (3.584) | 2.339 (2.839) | 0.58 | −0.368 (−1.045 to 0.309) | 0.134 (−0.393 to 0.661) |
| Body fat (Stevens equation), % | −0.044 (2.170) | −0.246 (2.376) | 0.299 (1.889) | 0.39 | −0.217 (−0.672 to 0.238) | 0.335 (−0.019 to 0.689) |
| BP, mm Hg | ||||||
| Systolic | 0.886 (2.787) | 1.245 (3.319) | 1.130 (3.075) | 0.51 | 0.301 (−0.326 to 0.928) | 0.184 (−0.387 to 0.755) |
| Diastolic | −0.162 (2.378) | −0.136 (2.796) | −0.074 (2.726) | 0.65 | 0.069 (−0.459 to 0.598) | −0.038 (−0.544 to 0.469) |
| Systolic percentile | −2.028 (8.095) | −1.450 (9.206) | −1.053 (8.801) | 0.60 | 0.325 (−1.415 to 2.065) | 0.607 (−1.027 to 2.241) |
| Diastolic percentile | −2.132 (6.645) | −2.335 (8.228) | −2.044 (8.063) | 0.72 | −0.087 (−1.642 to 1.468) | −0.347 (−1.844 to 1.150) |
| Diet | ||||||
| Calories per d | 24.03 (250.44) | 12.49 (226.65) | 6.99 (211.04) | 0.34 | −26.584 (−70.613 to 17.445) | −11.781 (−51.486 to 27.925) |
| Calories from fat, % | −0.018 (2.601) | 0.139 (2.905) | 0.050 (2.589) | 0.55 | 0.039 (−0.526 to 0.603) | 0.138 (−0.349 to 0.625) |
| No. fruit servings per d | −0.055 (0.360) | −0.061 (0.239) | −0.050 (0.234) | 0.38 | −0.010 (−0.056 to 0.037) | −0.028 (−0.072 to 0.016) |
| No. vegetable servings per d | −0.008 (0.253) | 0.013 (0.276) | 0.008 (0.263) | 0.14 | 0.020 (−0.034 to 0.073) | 0.016 (−0.033 to 0.066) |
| Sodium intake per d, mg | 39.15 (446.28) | −0.42 (425.7 9) | 26.46 (409.34) | 0.32 | −30.046 (−112.759 to 52.667) | 32.241 (−44.774 to 109.257) |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Moderate or vigorous, min per d | −3.523 (8.493) | −3.370 (10.123) | −4.619 (7.486) | 0.346 | 0.050 (−1.964 to 2.065) | −0.788 (−2.249 to 0.673) |
| Bed rest or sedentary, min per d | 11.022 (16.961) | 10.501 (16.365) | 13.052 (14.561) | 0.62 | −0.066 (−3.322 to 3.191) | −1.099 (−3.941 to 1.743) |
| Wear time in moderate-to-vigorous activity, % | −0.481 (1.149) | −0.426 (1.319) | −0.609 (0.986) | 0.167 | 0.054 (−0.209 to 0.316) | −0.087 (−0.280 to 0.105) |
| Wear time in bed rest or sedentary activities, % | 1.638 (2.231) | 1.610 (2.228) | 1.900 (2.059) | 0.53 | −0.033 (−0.476 to 0.411) | 0.232 (−0.169 to 0.634) |
| Sleep | ||||||
| Adolescent sleep, wake | −0.273 (2.089) | −0.239 (2.350) | −0.361 (2.618) | 0.10 | −0.019 (−0.465 to 0.427) | 0.284 (−0.204 to 0.772) |
| Daytime sleepiness | −1.184 (7.749) | −1.061 (8.937) | −1.552 (9.755) | 0.33 | 0.158 (−1.539 to 1.855) | 1.029 (−0.791 to 2.848) |
| Sleep on weekends, min | −13.101 (65.529) | −9.032 (51.553) | −4.474 (48.285) | 0.72 | 0.695 (−9.047 to 10.438) | −0.638 (−9.643 to 8.367) |
| Sleep on weekdays, min | −21.034 (35.040) | −19.867 (39.697) | −14.146 (31.819) | 0.62 | 0.231 (−7.271 to 7.733) | 2.949 (−2.985 to 8.883) |
| Stress | ||||||
| Child’s perceived stress | −0.044 (2.489) | 0.311 (2.584) | −0.040 (2.744) | 0.53 | 0.075 (−0.420 to 0.570) | 0.588 (0.076 to 1.100) |
| Fitness | ||||||
| Resting pulse rate | −1.392 (3.713) | −1.139 (3.312) | −1.279 (3.280) | 0.33 | 0.047 (−0.579 to 0.672) | 0.099 (−0.510 to 0.708) |
| Shuttle-run laps | 1.744 (3.498) | 1.126 (2.639) | 0.906 (2.155) | 0.10 | −0.573 (−1.085 to 0.060) | −0.742 (−1.155 to −0.329) |
| Cardiometabolic factors | ||||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | −0.490 (3.135) | −0.146 (2.864) | −0.520 (3.805) | 0.90 | 0.116 (−0.383 to 0.615) | 0.155 (0.497 to 0.807) |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | −0.017 (0.093) | −0.040 (0.210) | −0.021 (0.304) | 0.45 | −0.027 (−0.075 to 0.021) | 0.018 (−0.052 to 0.088) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | −0.385 (2.906) | −0.3 (3.433) | −0.6 (2.526) | 0.58 | 0.183 (−0.364 to 0.730) | −0.237 (−0.698 to 0.224) |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/L | −0.0185 (0.123) | −0.013 (0.163) | −0.002 (0.141) | 0.73 | 0.003 (−0.032 to 0.038) | 0.017 (−0.009 to 0.043) |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 0.228 (4.568) | 0.772 (4.761) | 0.406 (6.875) | 0.44 | 0.065 (−0.898 to 1.028) | 0.510 (0.868 to 1.888) |
| HOMA-IR | 0.004 (1.009) | 0.032 (1.003) | 0.037 (1.281) | 0.55 | −0.000 (−0.229 to 0.228) | 0.063 (−0.210 to 0.336) |
| LDL cholesterol (derived), mg/dL | −2.357 (6.645) | −1.449 (7.915) | −1.970 (7.295) | 0.439 | 1.384 (−0.053 to 2.821) | 0.486 (−0.666 to 1.638) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | −2.94 (7.201) | −2.409 (9.500) | −3.651 (8.280) | 0.73 | 0.985 (−0.612 to 2.582) | −0.342 (−1.678 to 0.994) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | −1.516 (13.910) | −3.280 (17.847) | −5.054 (17.573) | 0.56 | −2.585 (−5.832 to −0.662) | −2.538 (−5.672 to 0.596) |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | −0.775 (3.603) | −1.875 (5.115) | −0.811 (3.055) | 0.46 | −0.601 (−1.741 to 0.539) | 0.049 (−0.553 to 0.651) |
HC, Healthy Change group; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; SC, System Change group.
a
Analyses controlled for baseline BMI and school clustering at randomization. With the exception of the cardiometabolic factors involving blood samples, the sample described here, before imputation for most variables, includes 346 subjects, including 117 education-only, 112 Healthy Change, and 117 System Change subjects. Total enrollment was 360. At least 344 subjects are included in each row for the anthropometric and BP variables. At least 316 subjects are included for the cardiometabolic variables.