Table 4.

Level and Linear Change of Self-Control Development as Predictors of Adult Work Outcomes

Work outcomes in adulthood	Intercept as predictor			Slope as predictor
	B [95% CI]	SE	β	B [95% CI]	SE	β
Occupational self-efficacy	.17 [.12, .23]	.03	.26**	.63 [.51, 1.13]	.16	.32**
With covariates	.15 [.10, .20]	.03	.23**	.79 [.47, 1.10]	.16	.30**
Achievement motivation	.06 [.02, .10]	.02	.12**	.40 [.17, .64]	.12	.20**
With covariates	.06 [.02, .10]	.02	.11**	.40 [.16, .65]	.13	.20**
Willingness to further training/ development	.10 [.04, .15]	.03	.15**	.55 [.24, .87]	.16	.21**
With covariates	.09 [.04, .15]	.03	.14**	.54 [.21, .87]	.17	.21**
Currently not employeda	−.11 [−.20, −.02]	.05	−.13**	−.28 [−.76, .21]	.25	−.09
With covariates	−.05 [−.16, .05]	.05	−.06	−.15 [−.71, .40]	.28	−.04
Weekly work time in hoursb	.13 [.07, .19]	.03	.16**	.26 [−.05, .58]	.16	.08
With covariates	.06 [.01, .11]	.03	.07*	.09 [−.18, .37]	.14	.03
Attended occupational coursesa	.10 [.03, .17]	.04	.12**	.18 [−.23, .58]	.21	.06
With covariates	.09 [.01, 017]	.04	.11*	.13 [−.30, .56]	.21	.04
Never experienced unemploymenta	.08 [−.01, .15]	.04	.09	.01 [−.43, .45]	.22	<.01
With covariates	.07 [−.001, .15]	.04	.09	.01 [−.45, .46]	.23	<.01
Never received social welfare benefitsa	.12 [.01, .22]	.05	.16*	.75 [.13, 1.38]	.32	.23*
With covariates	.11 [−.001, .22]	.06	.13#	.77 [.11, 1.43]	.34	.23*

Note. Gender and SES were time-invariant covariates; adolescent intelligence (T2 to T4) and adolescent conduct problems (T1 to T5) were time-varying covariates; the control variables were standardized prior to inclusion in the models;

^ano = 0, yes = 1

^bthe outcome variable was standardized; SE: standard error; the association between intercept and slope without covariates = Cov [95% CI] = −.08 [−.15, −.01], SE = .04, r = −.20, p < .05; and with covariates = Cov [95% CI] = −.08 [−.15, −.01], SE = .04, r = −.21, p < .05.

^#p < .06.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.