Table 2.
Sociodemographic characteristic based on socioeconomic status [Present as mean ± SD or n(%)]
| Low SES (n = 753) | ModerateSES (n = 739) | HighSES (n = 745) | Total (N = 2237) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (Mean ± SD) | 70.5 ± 6.4 | 68.5 ± 6.1 | 68.0 ± 5.8 | 69.0 ± 6.2** |
| Gender | ||||
| Women | 454 (60.3) | 357 (48.3) | 341 (45.8) | 1152 (51.5)*** |
| Men | 299 (39.7) | 382 (51.7) | 404 (54.2) | 1085 (48.5) |
| Education years (Mean ± SD) | 3.3 ± 3.1 | 5.1 ± 3.5 | 7.2 ± 4.3 | 5.2 ± 4.0*** |
| Residing Location | ||||
| Urban | 320 (42.5) | 366 (49.5) | 420 (56.4) | 1106 (49.4)*** |
| Rural | 433 (57.5) | 373 (50.5) | 325 (43.6) | 1131 (50.6) |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Single | 16 (2.1) | 13 (1.8) | 7 (0.9) | 36 (1.6)*** |
| Married | 442 (58.7) | 531 (71.9) | 564 (75.7) | 1537 (68.7) |
| Divorced | 19 (2.5) | 17 (2.3) | 3 (0.4) | 39 (1.7) |
| Widow/Widower | 276 (36.7) | 178 (24.1) | 171 (23.0) | 625 (27.9) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Malay | 478 (63.5) | 451 (61.0) | 481 (64.6) | 1410 (63.0)** |
| Chinese | 253 (33.6) | 248 (33.6) | 213 (28.6) | 714 (31.9) |
| Indian | 21 (2.8) | 39 (5.3) | 48 (6.4) | 108 (4.8) |
| Others | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.4) | 5 (0.2) |
| Smoking habit | ||||
| Yes | 144 (19.1) | 137 (18.5) | 106 (14.2) | 387 (17.3)* |
| No | 609 (80.9) | 602 (81.5) | 639 (85.8) | 1850 (82.7) |
| Living Arrangement | ||||
| Alone | 125 (16.6) | 72 (9.7) | 40 (5.4) | 237 (10.6)*** |
| With others | 628 (83.4) | 667 (90.3) | 705 (94.6) | 2000 (89.4) |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01;***p < 0.001